
PaperPal - Detailed Review
Writing Tools

PaperPal - Product Overview
Primary Function
Paperpal is intended to assist academics in improving the quality and efficiency of their writing. It uses advanced AI technology, trained on millions of scholarly articles and refined by feedback from professional editors, to provide real-time suggestions and feedback on various aspects of academic writing.
Target Audience
Paperpal is aimed at a diverse group of academics, including students (from undergraduates to PhDs), researchers, medical professionals, educators, and science journalists. It is particularly beneficial for non-native English speakers, helping them express their ideas clearly in professional academic text.
Key Features
- Integration with Microsoft Word: Paperpal seamlessly integrates with Microsoft Word, making it easy to use for those familiar with the software.
- Language Correction: It checks for errors in spelling, grammar, and punctuation, and suggests corrections to improve the clarity and flow of the text.
- Sentence Structure Analysis: Paperpal analyzes sentence structure and suggests improvements to rephrase sentences that are too long or complex.
- Word Choice Improvement: It offers alternative words and phrases to help express ideas more clearly and effectively.
- Readability and Coherence Analysis: Paperpal evaluates the overall readability and coherence of the writing, providing suggestions to improve the structure and flow.
- Topic and Keyword Optimization: It analyzes key concepts and topics to suggest meaningful improvements, ensuring the writing aligns with the subject matter.
- Plagiarism Checker: Paperpal checks the text against a vast database to identify potential plagiarism issues.
- Citation Generation: It auto-generates citations in various styles, making it easier to manage references.
- Submission Readiness Checks: Paperpal provides a summary report of language and technical checks to help evaluate if the manuscript is ready for submission.
- Generative AI Features: Includes features like rewriting, researching, citing, predictive writing, translation, and AI writing templates to enhance the writing process.
Overall, Paperpal is a comprehensive tool that streamlines the academic writing process, helping users produce high-quality, error-free content more efficiently.

PaperPal - User Interface and Experience
User Interface of Paperpal
The user interface of Paperpal is crafted to be intuitive and user-friendly, making it accessible for academics of all levels.Interface Components
Paperpal’s interface is divided into three main components:Dashboard
This section displays your recent documents, settings, and account information, providing a quick overview of your work.Editor
Here, you write your papers and receive real-time suggestions from Paperpal. The editor is where the bulk of your writing and editing takes place.Sidebar
The sidebar offers additional information such as lists of synonyms, translations, and other relevant suggestions to enhance your writing.Ease of Use
Getting started with Paperpal is straightforward. Here are the steps:Sign Up
Create a free account on the Paperpal website.Upload Text
Copy-paste your content into the editor or install the Paperpal add-in for Microsoft Word.Customize Settings
Choose your English preference (American or British) and select the editing mode (Essential or Extensive).Review Suggestions
Accept or reject AI-generated edits displayed in the sidebar.Real-Time Feedback
One of the standout features of Paperpal is its real-time feedback. As you type, Paperpal provides suggestions for improvements in grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and word choice. This feature helps you stay in the flow of writing while addressing issues immediately.Customization
Paperpal allows you to customize your settings based on your writing needs. You can switch between Essential and Extensive editing modes, select your preferred spelling and style preferences, and even set your academic discipline to get more specific feedback.Integration with Microsoft Word
Paperpal integrates seamlessly with Microsoft Word, a widely used tool in academia. Once you install the add-in, you will see a new Paperpal tab in your Word ribbon, making it easy to access Paperpal’s features directly within Word.Overall User Experience
Users have praised Paperpal for its ease of use and effectiveness. The tool is described as user-friendly and intuitive, with many users noting that it feels like having a team of professors or editors reviewing their work in real-time. The context-sensitive suggestions and real-time feedback are particularly appreciated, as they help maintain the academic tone and integrity of the content without altering its meaning. In summary, Paperpal’s interface is designed to be easy to use, with clear and accessible components that make it simple for academics to improve their writing. The real-time feedback and customization options enhance the user experience, making it a valuable tool for producing high-quality academic content.
PaperPal - Key Features and Functionality
PaperPal Overview
PaperPal is an AI-driven tool that significantly enhances the academic writing process, offering a wide range of features that cater to various needs of researchers and students. Here are the main features and how they work:
Language and Grammar Checks
PaperPal provides in-depth language and grammar checks, instantly fixing spelling errors, punctuation issues, incorrect word choice, and complex grammar errors. This ensures that your content is clear and compelling, reflecting the high standards of academic writing.
Paraphrasing and Word Reduction
The tool can rewrite text to add variety, correct academic tone, or trim length up to 25% to meet journal word limits without changing the context. This feature is particularly useful for ensuring your manuscript fits within the required word count while maintaining its original meaning.
Academic Translation
PaperPal offers real-time academic translation for over 25 languages, preserving formulas, technical terms, and non-English words. This feature helps overcome language barriers, making research accessible to a broader audience.
Generative AI Support
To combat writer’s block, PaperPal provides generative AI support by brainstorming ideas, creating outlines, titles, abstracts, summaries, study highlights, or crafting emails. It can also generate your next sentence based on the context, allowing you to customize suggestions such as expanding on an idea, providing a counterargument, or using an example or analogy.
Predictive Writing Assistance
The “Write” feature offers text predictions for your existing content, enabling custom predictions and AI suggestions. This helps maintain the flow of your writing and provides inspiration when you need it, ensuring your ideas are articulated in polished academic English.
Research Assistance
PaperPal allows you to validate your arguments by getting custom answers to your questions along with references that you can verify. You can save these references to your citation library and cite them as you write, ensuring your work is well-supported and accurate.
Consistency Checks
The tool performs consistency checks to detect and fix any inconsistencies in your writing, including p-values, symbol spacing, and figures or tables. This ensures your content is flawless and precise.
Plagiarism Detection
PaperPal includes trusted plagiarism checks that scan your text against a vast database of over 99 billion web pages, 1.8 billion student papers, and 89 million academic articles. This feature helps you avoid accidental plagiarism and provides a detailed report.
Manuscript Review and Editing
PaperPal offers comprehensive manuscript review and editing services, including subject-specific language suggestions that help refine your manuscripts to meet the rigorous standards of academic publishing. It is available as an add-on for MS Word and accessible via web platforms, making it versatile for different writing needs.
Data Security and Support
The tool ensures high standards of data security and user control, providing extensive support through FAQs and customer service. This makes it easy for users to get the most out of PaperPal’s features.
Conclusion
In summary, PaperPal integrates AI, machine learning, and Natural Language Processing to provide a suite of features that transform the academic writing experience. Its AI is enriched with expertise from millions of published scholarly articles, ensuring that the language suggestions and technical checks are suited to the conventions of scientific writing. This makes PaperPal a valuable resource for researchers, students, and anyone involved in academic writing.

PaperPal - Performance and Accuracy
Performance
Paperpal is renowned for its exceptional performance in academic writing enhancement. Here are some key aspects:Language Corrections
Paperpal delivers three times more language corrections than typical AI grammar checkers, making it a standout in the field of academic writing.Integration and Features
It seamlessly integrates with Microsoft Word and offers a comprehensive toolkit, including real-time language enhancement, advanced academic translation capabilities, context-aware reference finding, citation generation, intelligent plagiarism detection, and step-by-step writing assistance.Accuracy in Technical Terminology
Paperpal maintains technical terminology integrity and preserves equations and specialized notation, adapting to both American and British English conventions.Contextual Understanding
Unlike general-purpose AI tools, Paperpal has deep contextual understanding, particularly in specialized fields, thanks to its training on millions of published academic articles.Accuracy
The accuracy of Paperpal is well-documented through various tests and comparisons:Benchmarking Analysis
Paperpal ranks as the best AI writing and editing tool for academics, outperforming tools like Grammarly (Academic mode) and ProWritingAid in terms of editing coverage, accuracy, and effectiveness. It provides the highest number of suggested edits and has the least number of issues in edited documents.Quality of Edits
Paperpal improves clarity, sentence structure, and maintains academic tone while retaining the author’s voice. It corrects word choice, punctuation, technical terminology, and overall quality more accurately than other tools.Limitations and Areas for Improvement
Despite its strong performance, there are some limitations and areas where Paperpal could improve:AI Dependence
While Paperpal’s AI is impressive, it can sometimes miss nuances that a human editor would catch. This means users need to review and refine AI-generated text to ensure accuracy.Language Restrictions
Paperpal is primarily designed for English, which might not be ideal for users working in multiple languages or needing specialized language support.Context Challenges
Paperpal may struggle with highly specialized or technical content, potentially misunderstanding field-specific jargon or concepts.Overreliance Risk
There is a risk of losing one’s unique voice or oversimplifying complex ideas if users accept all of Paperpal’s suggestions without review.Learning Curve and Technical Issues
Mastering all of Paperpal’s features takes time, and the software can sometimes experience technical issues like slowing down or glitching, especially with large documents.User Feedback
User reviews highlight some additional areas for improvement, such as performance issues and pricing discrepancies. Some users have reported connection issues, slow performance, and dissatisfaction with the pricing model. There are also complaints about the software’s tendency to add articles without context, which can affect sentence formations. In summary, Paperpal is a highly effective tool for academic writing, offering superior accuracy and a wide range of features. However, users should be aware of its limitations, particularly in handling highly specialized content and the potential for technical issues. By using Paperpal as a tool to enhance rather than replace human editing, users can maximize its benefits while maintaining control over their academic voice and ideas.
PaperPal - Pricing and Plans
PaperPal Plans Overview
PaperPal offers a variety of plans to cater to different user needs, each with its own set of features and pricing.Free Plan
The free version of PaperPal provides several valuable features:- Language Correction: Up to 200 language correction suggestions per month.
- Generative AI Features: Access to features like Rewrite, Research & Cite, Predictive Writing, Translate, and AI writing templates up to 5 times a day.
- Citation Generation: Unlimited citations in over 10,000 styles.
- Plagiarism Checks: Scan up to 7,000 words per month against a database of 99 billion web pages.
- Submission Readiness Checks: A free summary report of 30 language and technical checks to evaluate manuscript readiness.
Paid Plans
Monthly Plan
- Cost: $25 per month.
- Features: Ideal for flexible usage, this plan offers comprehensive AI academic writing assistance, including unlimited language corrections, unrestricted use of Generative AI features, and increased plagiarism check limits (up to 10,000 words/month).
Quarterly Plan
- Cost: $55 per quarter.
- Features: This plan is a balance between flexibility and commitment, offering similar features to the Monthly Plan but with a slightly longer commitment period.
Annual Plan
- Cost: $139 per year (billed annually).
- Features: This plan provides greater savings compared to the Monthly Plan. It includes unlimited access to all PaperPal Prime features, such as unlimited language corrections, unrestricted use of Generative AI features, and increased plagiarism check limits (up to 10,000 words/month).
Monthly Prime Plan
- Cost: $12 per month (or a promotional offer of $19 for the first 30 days).
- Features: This plan offers unlimited access to all PaperPal Prime features, including in-depth academic editing, translation, and contextual synonyms. It is particularly beneficial for users who cluster their research writing over a few weeks.
Key Differences and Considerations
- The Annual Plan offers better value if you plan to use PaperPal for several months, as it works out to $11.58 per month ($139 divided by 12 months), compared to the $12 monthly rate of the Monthly Prime Plan.
- The Quarterly Plan is another option for those who prefer a balance between flexibility and commitment.

PaperPal - Integration and Compatibility
Integration with Microsoft Word
Compatibility
PaperPal is compatible with Microsoft Word in several versions:- It supports Word 2016 or later on Mac, Word 2019 or later on Windows and Mac, and Word through Microsoft 365 on both Mac and Windows.
Using PaperPal with Word
- To use PaperPal with Word, you need to install the PaperPal Word add-in. Once installed, PaperPal appears in the sidebar, providing real-time suggestions as you write. You can specify your English preference and editing mode before using the tool.
Web-Based Integration
PaperPal is also available as a web editor. You can create a free account, copy and paste your text into the web editor, and set your English preference and editing mode. PaperPal then analyzes your document and provides suggestions in the sidebar, which you can review and accept or reject as needed.Integration with EndNote
PaperPal has partnered with Clarivate’s EndNote, a reference management software. This integration allows EndNote users to access PaperPal Preflight’s features through the ‘Cite While You Write’ (CWYW) add-in. PaperPal enhances the manuscript submission process by performing comprehensive checks on language, technical compliance, grammar, writing mechanics, readability, and academic vocabulary. It also reviews technical aspects related to references, disclosures, figures, and tables, generating a submission readiness report.Cross-Platform Compatibility
PaperPal is versatile and can be used on various platforms:- It supports both Mac and Windows operating systems when integrated with Microsoft Word.
- The web-based version ensures accessibility from any device with an internet connection.
Subject Area Support
One of the standout features of PaperPal is its support for over 1,300 subject areas. This makes it highly adaptable and useful for researchers across a wide range of disciplines, ensuring that the suggestions provided are accurate and relevant to the specific area of expertise.Conclusion
In summary, PaperPal integrates well with Microsoft Word, offers a web-based version, and collaborates with other tools like EndNote to provide a comprehensive writing support system that is accessible and effective across different platforms and devices.
PaperPal - Customer Support and Resources
Customer Support
For any issues or questions, users can rely on the following support channels:
PaperPal Help Center
This resource provides solutions related to the platform’s features, billing, and usage. It is a one-stop shop for troubleshooting and finding answers to common queries.
Email Support
Users can email hello@paperpal.com for more specific support needs or for issues that require personalized assistance.
Additional Resources
PaperPal also offers a range of resources to help users optimize their academic writing:
Step-by-Step Guides
Detailed guides are available on how to use PaperPal, including how to create an account, integrate the tool with MS Word, and utilize its various features such as language correction, citation generation, and plagiarism checks.
Research and Citation Tools
The Research & Cite feature allows users to find verified references and generate citations in over 10,000 styles, including APA, MLA, Chicago, and more. This tool is particularly useful for ensuring accurate and consistent citations.
Blog and Academic Writing Guides
PaperPal’s blog section provides valuable resources on academic writing, English grammar, and other researcher-focused topics. These guides help users improve their writing skills and stay updated with best practices in academic writing.
Free Version Features
Even the free version of PaperPal offers significant support, including language correction suggestions, generative AI features, citation generation, plagiarism checks, and submission readiness checks. These features are reset monthly, ensuring ongoing support for users.
By leveraging these support options and resources, users can effectively utilize PaperPal to enhance their academic writing, address any issues promptly, and maintain high standards of quality and accuracy in their work.

PaperPal - Pros and Cons
When considering PaperPal as an AI-driven writing tool, it’s important to weigh both its advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages
- Advanced Grammar and Style Checks: PaperPal offers in-depth language and grammar checks, fixing spelling errors, punctuation issues, and complex grammar errors to ensure clear and compelling content.
- Enhanced Writing Tools: The tool provides superior paraphrasing, word reduction, and the ability to rewrite text to maintain academic tone or trim length, which is particularly useful for meeting journal word limits.
- Academic Translation: PaperPal supports real-time translation in over 25 languages, preserving formulas, technical terms, and non-English words, making it a valuable resource for international researchers.
- Generative AI Support: It helps overcome writer’s block by brainstorming ideas, creating outlines, titles, abstracts, summaries, and even crafting emails. This feature is especially helpful for generating predictive writing suggestions line-by-line.
- Efficient Formatting Tools: PaperPal simplifies the formatting process by automatically adhering to various journal guidelines, including formatting references, citations, and overall document layout.
- Comprehensive Feedback: The platform offers detailed feedback on manuscript structure and content, helping authors strengthen their arguments and narrative. It also provides constructive criticism, which is crucial for refining work before submission.
- Data Security: PaperPal ensures data security and confidentiality by not using user data for training its AI models, which is a significant advantage in the academic field where data privacy is paramount.
- Compatibility with MS Word: The tool works seamlessly with Microsoft Word, a commonly used application in academic writing, making it easy to integrate into existing workflows.
Disadvantages
- Limited Free Features: While PaperPal offers a free version, its functionality is quite basic compared to the premium subscription. Users may find the limited features insufficient for thorough manuscript preparation.
- Variable Accuracy: The accuracy of PaperPal’s suggestions can be unreliable at times. Users may encounter incorrect recommendations or miss nuances in their writing that require human judgment.
- Language Restrictions: The tool is primarily designed for English, which might not be ideal for users working in multiple languages or needing specialized language support.
- Context Challenges: PaperPal may struggle with highly specialized or technical content, potentially misunderstanding field-specific jargon or concepts.
- Overreliance Risk: There is a risk of overrelying on PaperPal’s suggestions, which could lead to losing one’s unique voice or oversimplifying complex ideas.
- Learning Curve: Mastering all of PaperPal’s features can take time, which might be frustrating for users who are in a hurry.
- Technical Issues: Like any software, PaperPal can experience technical hiccups, such as slowing down or glitching, especially with very large documents.
Conclusion
By considering these points, you can make an informed decision about whether PaperPal aligns with your academic writing needs.

PaperPal - Comparison with Competitors
Unique Features of Paperpal
- Academic Focus: Paperpal is specifically designed for academic writing, leveraging 22 years of STM expertise and training on millions of scholarly articles. This makes it highly effective for researchers, publishers, and editors in maintaining academic writing conventions.
- In-Depth Language and Grammar Checks: Paperpal offers advanced language and grammar checks, including fixing spelling errors, punctuation issues, and complex grammar errors, ensuring clear and compelling content.
- Context-Sensitive Translations: It provides accurate, real-time academic translations for over 25 languages, preserving formulas, technical terms, and non-English words.
- Pre-set Academic Features: Paperpal eliminates the need for open prompts with pre-designed features that deliver relevant and accurate results, saving time and ensuring integrity by not generating full text.
Potential Alternatives
Jasper
- Versatility: Jasper is versatile and can handle both short-form and long-form content, including social media posts, product descriptions, and blog posts. It supports 25 languages and has built-in SEO optimization tools.
- SEO Optimization: Unlike Paperpal, Jasper is heavily focused on SEO optimization, making it a good choice for marketing and content creation needs.
- Cost: However, Jasper’s plans are generally more expensive, and the output may require additional editing, especially for long-form content.
KoalaWriter
- SEO-Optimized Content: KoalaWriter is known for producing high-quality, SEO-optimized content quickly and efficiently. It uses GPT-4 and Google’s latest AI technologies, making it suitable for various types of content, including blog posts and social media.
- User-Friendly Interface: KoalaWriter has a user-friendly interface, but it may lack the customization options and academic focus that Paperpal offers.
Writesonic
- Speed and Quality: Writesonic stands out for its high-speed AI writing solutions, capable of generating a 1,500-word blog post in seconds. It offers intuitive tools for idea generation and AI-driven editing.
- Limited Customization: While Writesonic is fast and efficient, it has limited customization options, which might not be ideal for those seeking more control over their content.
Type
- Simple and User-Friendly: Type is an AI-first document editor with a clean and user-friendly interface. It allows users to switch between different AI models like GPT-4 and Claude 3, offering flexibility in tone and creativity.
- General Writing: Unlike Paperpal, Type is not specifically tailored for academic writing but is more general, making it suitable for a wide range of writing tasks such as emails, YouTube scripts, and cover letters.
Summary
Paperpal’s unique focus on academic writing, advanced language checks, and context-sensitive translations make it a standout choice for researchers and academics. However, for those needing more versatility in content types or SEO optimization, alternatives like Jasper or KoalaWriter might be more suitable. If speed and a user-friendly interface are priorities, Writesonic or Type could be considered, though they lack the specialized academic features of Paperpal.
PaperPal - Frequently Asked Questions
Here are some frequently asked questions about Paperpal, along with detailed responses to each:
What is Paperpal and what does it do?
Paperpal is an AI-powered writing assistant specifically designed to help students, researchers, and professional writers improve their academic writing. It provides real-time suggestions and feedback to enhance clarity, coherence, and overall quality of the writing. Paperpal integrates with Microsoft Word, checks for spelling and grammar errors, analyzes sentence structure, suggests better word choices, and evaluates readability and coherence.How does Paperpal integrate with other writing tools?
Paperpal seamlessly integrates with Microsoft Word, one of the most popular word processing tools in academia. This integration allows users to receive real-time suggestions and feedback directly within their familiar writing environment.What features does Paperpal offer?
Paperpal offers a range of features, including:- Spelling and grammar checks
- Sentence structure analysis and suggestions
- Word choice improvement
- Readability and coherence analysis
- Topic and keyword optimization
- Plagiarism checks against a vast database of academic sources
- Predictive writing assistance to keep your writing flow going
- Translation support for over 25 languages
- Superior paraphrasing and word reduction
- Consistency checks for precise writing
How much does Paperpal cost?
Paperpal offers several subscription plans:- Monthly Plan: Available at $25 per month, ideal for flexible usage.
- Annual Plan: Priced at $139 per year, providing greater savings and uninterrupted access throughout the year.
- Quarterly Plan: Available at $55, offering a balance between flexibility and commitment.
What is the difference between the Monthly Prime plan and the Annual Prime plan?
The Monthly Prime plan costs $25 per month, while the Annual Prime plan costs $139 per year, which works out to approximately $11.58 per month. The Annual Plan offers better value if you plan to use Paperpal for several months.Can I use Paperpal for free?
Yes, Paperpal offers 500 free suggestions every month. However, for unlimited access to all features, you need to subscribe to one of the paid plans. You can also sign up for a free trial to experience the full range of features before committing to a subscription.How does Paperpal help with academic writing tasks like literature reviews and implication statements?
Paperpal provides pre-set AI writing prompts that help you draft literature reviews and implication statements. You can upload your notes and use these prompts to generate drafts or continue writing from where you left off. Paperpal also offers predictive text suggestions to keep your writing flowing smoothly.Does Paperpal support translation and how many languages does it cover?
Yes, Paperpal supports real-time academic translation for over 25 languages. It preserves formulas, technical terms, and non-English words, helping you overcome language barriers in your writing.How does Paperpal help with plagiarism checks?
Paperpal includes a plagiarism checker that scans your text against a vast database of over 99 billion web pages, 1.8 billion student papers, and 89 million academic articles. This helps you avoid accidental plagiarism and provides a detailed report on any potential issues.Can Paperpal help with formatting and submission requirements?
Yes, Paperpal offers features like submission checks to ensure your final draft meets all technical requirements. It also supports over 10,000 citation styles and helps you find and cite sources accurately.
PaperPal - Conclusion and Recommendation
Final Assessment of PaperPal
PaperPal is a highly advanced AI-driven writing tool that is specifically crafted to meet the needs of academic writers, researchers, and students. Here’s a comprehensive overview of its features and who would benefit most from using it.
Key Features
- In-depth Language and Grammar Checks: PaperPal instantly fixes spelling errors, punctuation issues, incorrect word choice, and complex grammar errors, ensuring clear and compelling content.
- Paraphrasing and Word Reduction: It can rewrite text to add variety, correct academic tone, or trim length up to 25% to meet journal word limits without changing the context.
- Academic Translation: PaperPal offers real-time translation for over 25 languages, preserving formulas, technical terms, and non-English words.
- Generative AI Support: It helps with brainstorming ideas, creating outlines, titles, abstracts, summaries, study highlights, and crafting emails, making it a valuable tool for overcoming writer’s block.
- Plagiarism Detection: PaperPal includes a feature to check for plagiarism, ensuring the originality of your work.
- Subject-Specific Support: It supports over 1,300 subject areas, providing accurate and relevant language suggestions tailored to your specific field of research.
Who Would Benefit Most
PaperPal is particularly beneficial for:
- Researchers: It provides real-time, subject-specific language suggestions that enhance writing, making it more effective and efficient. It is especially useful for detecting complex grammar errors and structural inconsistencies.
- Students: Students can use PaperPal to improve their academic writing, whether they are working on essays, research papers, or other academic manuscripts. It helps in achieving higher writing standards and reduces the risk of desk rejections.
- Publishers and Academic Editors: PaperPal’s advanced features, such as submission checks and plagiarism detection, make it an invaluable tool for ensuring the quality and originality of published work.
Overall Recommendation
PaperPal stands out as a superior AI writing and editing tool for academics due to its comprehensive features, high accuracy, and context sensitivity. Here are some key reasons why it is highly recommended:
- High-Quality Results: PaperPal provides more in-depth suggestions compared to other AI tools like Grammarly, ProWritingAid, and QuillBot, with an average of 3.88 edits per sentence.
- Real-Time Availability: It is available in real-time, whether you are writing on a web-based platform or using MS Word, making it seamlessly adaptable to your workflow.
- User Trust: PaperPal is trusted by over 800,000 academics across 125 countries and has been rated highly on Trustpilot with a 4.6 rating.
In summary, PaperPal is an essential tool for anyone involved in academic writing, offering a suite of features that significantly improve the quality, readability, and flow of academic texts. Its specialized training on millions of published research articles and its ability to handle technical terminology make it an indispensable asset for achieving academic writing excellence.