Inflection - Detailed Review
Chat Tools
Inflection - Product Overview
Inflection AI Overview
Inflection AI is a pioneering company in the AI-driven chat tools category, primarily known for its innovative personal AI chatbots. Here’s a brief overview of their product:
Primary Function
Inflection AI’s main product is the personal AI chatbot, notably the Pi chatbot, which is designed to engage in natural and meaningful conversations with users. This chatbot acts as a personal assistant, helping users organize their thoughts, make plans, and provide support through various aspects of their lives.
Target Audience
Inflection AI targets a diverse range of customers, including:
- Small and Medium-sized Businesses: These businesses benefit from automated customer interactions and improved response times.
- Entrepreneurs and Startups: They use the chatbots to streamline operations and enhance customer engagement.
- Marketing Agencies: These agencies leverage the chatbots for automated customer interactions and data gathering for targeted marketing campaigns.
- E-commerce Companies: These businesses use the chatbots to handle customer inquiries, recommend products, and provide personalized shopping assistance.
Key Features
Inflection AI’s chatbots are equipped with several key features:
- Advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP): The chatbots use state-of-the-art NLP to understand and respond to human language, including slang and colloquialisms.
- Machine Learning Algorithms: These algorithms enable the chatbots to learn and improve continuously from user interactions, making them more intelligent and effective over time.
- Sentiment Analysis: The chatbots can detect emotions and sentiments expressed in user input, allowing them to provide more empathetic and relevant responses.
- Contextual Awareness: The chatbots maintain context throughout conversations, remembering previous interactions to provide more personalized and engaging responses.
- Personalization: The chatbots adapt to individual users’ preferences and behaviors, offering personalized recommendations and responses.
- Human-like Communication: The Pi chatbot, in particular, is known for its human-like communication style, using emoticons, slang expressions, and displaying empathy and humor.
These features collectively make Inflection AI’s chatbots highly engaging and effective tools for both personal and business use.
Inflection - User Interface and Experience
User Interface
The interface of Pi is straightforward and accessible. Users can interact with Pi through various channels, including a web interface, supported instant messengers, or even SMS messages. This versatility allows users to choose the platform that is most convenient for them.
Ease of Use
Using Pi is relatively simple. Users do not need to ask specific questions; instead, they can share their thoughts, emotions, or discuss their day in a natural, conversational manner. Pi recognizes natural human speech, including abbreviations and slang expressions, making the interaction feel more like talking to a person.
User Experience
The overall user experience with Pi is highly personalized and empathetic. Here are some key aspects:
Conversational Ability
Pi can engage in meaningful dialogues on a wide range of topics, allowing for more substantial interactions. It can comprehend and respond in a human-like manner, making the conversation feel more natural.
Emotional Support
Pi is designed to understand and respond to the user’s emotional state, providing support, encouragement, and companionship. This empathetic approach sets it apart from more mechanical AI systems.
Contextual Awareness
Pi maintains context throughout the conversation, remembering previous interactions and incorporating this information into future responses. This enhances the user experience by making the conversations more personalized and engaging.
Natural Interaction
Users can communicate with Pi as they would with another person. The chatbot asks leading questions to keep the conversation moving, ensuring that the interaction remains engaging and productive.
Engagement and Factual Accuracy
Pi is engineered to keep users engaged through its empathetic and supportive responses. The chatbot’s ability to recognize and respond to emotions, along with its capacity to maintain context, ensures that the conversations are both meaningful and accurate. With over 4 billion conversations and a growing user base of 1 million daily active users, Pi has demonstrated its effectiveness in engaging users while providing factual and relevant responses.
In summary, Inflection AI’s Pi offers a user-friendly interface, ease of use, and a highly engaging and personalized user experience, making it a standout in the AI-driven chat tool category.
Inflection - Key Features and Functionality
Inflection AI’s Pi: Key Features
Conversational Ability
Inflection AI’s Pi chatbot is powered by the Inflection-1 neural network, which is renowned for its human-like conversational abilities. This AI model can engage in meaningful and detailed conversations, comprehending a wide range of topics and responding in a way that feels natural and empathetic.Natural Language Processing (NLP)
The core technology behind Inflection AI includes advanced NLP capabilities. This allows the chatbots to interpret and analyze user input, extracting meaning and context from the text. The NLP technology enables the chatbots to understand nuances of human language, including slang, colloquialisms, and context, making the interactions more realistic and engaging.Sentiment Analysis
Inflection AI’s chatbots are capable of performing sentiment analysis, which helps them detect emotions and sentiments expressed in user input. This feature allows the chatbots to adjust their responses to better match the user’s emotional state, providing support, encouragement, and companionship when needed.Contextual Awareness
The chatbots maintain context throughout a conversation, remembering previous interactions and incorporating this information into future responses. This contextual awareness enhances the user experience, making the conversations more personalized and coherent.Personalization
Inflection AI’s chatbots are trained to adapt to individual users’ preferences and behaviors. They provide personalized recommendations and responses based on user data and interactions, which increases user engagement and satisfaction. This personalization ensures that the chatbot’s interactions are unique to each user.Real-Time Data Analysis
The chatbots analyze vast amounts of data in real-time to provide timely and relevant responses to user queries. This real-time analysis ensures a high level of responsiveness and accuracy, making the interactions feel more dynamic and helpful.Multi-Platform Accessibility
Users can interact with Pi via various platforms, including websites, mobile apps, text messages, WhatsApp, Instagram direct messages, or Facebook Messenger conversations. Additionally, Pi supports both written responses and fluently generated audio, allowing users to communicate as if they were on a real-time phone call.Continuous Learning and Improvement
The AI models undergo continuous training and refinement to enhance their ability to understand user queries and provide accurate responses. This iterative process ensures that the chatbots become more intelligent and effective over time.Integration with Other Technologies
Inflection AI collaborates with other technology companies, such as Microsoft and UiPath, to enhance its capabilities. For example, the partnership with Microsoft leverages Azure AI infrastructure to accelerate the training of large language models and ensure reliable and stable operations. The integration with UiPath’s platform aims to boost enterprise efficiency by providing secure AI integration and agentic automation solutions.Conclusion
These features collectively make Inflection AI’s chat tools highly engaging, accurate, and beneficial for both personal and enterprise use, by providing a human-like interaction experience and valuable assistance in various aspects of daily life. Inflection - Performance and Accuracy
Performance Benchmarks
Inflection AI’s latest model, Inflection-2, has demonstrated impressive performance on various natural language processing (NLP) benchmarks. Here are some highlights:- Inflection-2 has shown state-of-the-art performance on several benchmarks, outscoring models from Google, Meta, and others. It has matched or slightly outperformed Google’s PaLM 2 Large model on benchmarks such as MMLU, Hellaswag, ARC-E, ARC-C, PIQA (1-shot), LAMBADA, Natural Questions, and TriviaQA Wiki.
- The model was trained on 5,000 NVIDIA H100 GPUs in fp8 mixed precision for approximately \(10^{25}\) FLOPs, placing it in the same compute class as Google’s flagship PaLM 2 Large model.
Accuracy and Capabilities
Inflection-2 has shown substantial improvements over its predecessor, particularly in areas such as:- Factual knowledge: The model has demonstrated better factual knowledge and reasoning abilities.
- Stylistic control: It has improved in its ability to maintain a consistent and appropriate tone.
- Mathematical reasoning: Although not an explicit training focus, Inflection-2 has shown promising abilities in coding and mathematical reasoning.
Engagement and User Experience
Inflection AI’s chatbots, powered by models like Inflection-2, are designed to provide personalized and engaging interactions. Here are some key points:- Personalization: Inflection AI’s chatbots offer interactions tailored to individual user preferences, enhancing user engagement and satisfaction.
- Adaptability: These chatbots can learn and evolve over time, providing increasingly intelligent and personalized responses.
- Data Security: The company prioritizes user privacy and data security, ensuring all interactions are secure and confidential.
Limitations and Areas for Improvement
Despite the impressive performance, there are several challenges and areas where Inflection AI might need to focus:- Technological Advancements: The AI industry is highly competitive and rapidly evolving. Inflection AI must continue to innovate and stay ahead of technological advancements to remain competitive.
- Data Privacy and Security: Ensuring compliance with data privacy regulations and protecting user data is crucial. Any breaches or mishandling of data could damage the company’s reputation.
- Integration Challenges: Integrating AI chatbots into existing systems and workflows can be complex. Inflection AI needs to work closely with clients to ensure seamless integration and provide adequate support and training.
- Ethical Considerations: Addressing ethical concerns around bias, transparency, and accountability in AI development is essential. Inflection AI has signed the White House’s AI principles pact and plans to align its models to ensure a safe and helpful tone.
Inflection - Pricing and Plans
Inflection AI Pricing Structure
Inflection AI’s pricing structure for its AI-driven chat tools is organized around several key revenue streams and plan types, each catering to different user needs and preferences.
Subscription Model
Inflection AI offers subscription plans for both individuals and businesses. Here are the main components of their subscription model:
- Different Tiers: While the specific tiers are not detailed in the sources, it is mentioned that customers can choose from various plans based on their needs and usage. This suggests a tiered pricing system, likely including basic, premium, and enterprise levels.
Enterprise Solutions
For businesses, Inflection AI provides customized AI solutions:
- One-Time Setup Fees and Maintenance Contracts: Enterprises can integrate AI chatbots with one-time setup fees and ongoing maintenance contracts. This includes the new Inflection 3.0 models, such as Pi (3.0) and Productivity (3.0), which are designed for specific business needs like customer support and task-oriented instructions.
API Pricing
Inflection AI also offers a commercial API for developers to build advanced conversational AI applications:
- Token-Based Pricing: The API is priced at $2.50 per 1 million input tokens and $10 per 1 million output tokens. This pricing applies to both the Pi and Productivity models of the Inflection 3.0 enterprise offering.
Features by Plan
Here are some features associated with different plans:
- Basic Features: Basic plans likely include standard chatbot functionalities.
- Premium Features: Premium plans offer advanced AI features such as natural language processing, sentiment analysis, and personalized recommendations.
- Customization Options: Users can customize their chatbot experiences to suit their specific needs, whether for personal or business use.
- Enterprise Features: Enterprise plans include fully ownable AI models that can be fine-tuned to meet unique business needs, implemented on-premises, in the cloud, or via a hybrid setup. These plans also include reinforcement learning from employee feedback to align with the company’s ethos and operational requirements.
Free Options
There is no explicit mention of a free tier or trial for Inflection AI’s main chatbot services in the provided sources. However, the company’s focus is on subscription and enterprise solutions, suggesting that free options might be limited or not available for the core AI chatbot services.
Summary
In summary, Inflection AI’s pricing is structured around subscription plans, enterprise solutions, and API access, each with varying features and pricing models to cater to different user segments.
Inflection - Integration and Compatibility
Inflection AI: Collaborations and Product Offerings
Inflection AI demonstrates a strong focus on integration and compatibility across different platforms and devices through its various collaborations and product offerings.Integration with UiPath
Inflection AI has announced a strategic partnership with UiPath, a leading agentic automation and AI software company. This partnership aims to integrate the UiPath Platform with Inflection’s new Inflection for Enterprise solution. This integration will enable enterprises to achieve greater operational efficiency and effectiveness, especially in security-focused industries, by providing built-in integrations that support Inflection for Enterprise’s private cloud and appliance solutions.Collaboration with Intel
Inflection AI has a significant collaboration with Intel, which enhances its compatibility and integration capabilities. The Inflection for Enterprise system, powered by Intel’s Gaudi AI accelerators and the Intel Tiber AI Cloud, allows enterprises to customize their AI solutions to fit their specific needs. This system supports open-source models and provides a managed cloud infrastructure for developing, accelerating, and deploying high-performance AI applications. The integration with Intel’s technology ensures flexibility, scalability, and improved price-performance ratios, making it accessible and efficient for enterprises of all sizes.Deployment Options
Inflection for Enterprise offers multiple deployment options, including on-premises and cloud-based solutions. In Q1 2025, customers will have the option to purchase Inflection for Enterprise on a complete turnkey AI appliance powered by Gaudi 3, which optimizes performance and reduces total cost of ownership. This flexibility allows enterprises to choose the deployment method that best fits their infrastructure and security requirements.Compatibility with Various Devices and Platforms
Inflection AI’s chatbot, Pi, is available on multiple platforms, including web browsers and mobile applications for iOS. Users can also interact with Pi through popular social media platforms such as Instagram, WhatsApp, and Facebook via their direct message features. This wide range of accessibility ensures that users can engage with the chatbot from various devices and platforms.Customization and Security
Inflection AI’s solutions are fine-tuned to be native to each organization, aligning with the company’s unique data, policies, and culture. This customization ensures that the AI solutions are both effective and secure, addressing the specific needs and compliance requirements of each enterprise. The system also includes features to prevent dangerous responses and a straightforward feedback system for users to report any issues, enhancing security and user trust.Conclusion
In summary, Inflection AI’s products and collaborations are designed to integrate seamlessly with various tools and platforms, offering flexible deployment options and strong compatibility across different devices and systems. This ensures that enterprises can leverage Inflection AI’s solutions efficiently and securely. Inflection - Customer Support and Resources
Inflection Pi Overview
Inflection Pi is a personalized chatbot that is intended to support answering questions and provide infinite knowledge-based responses. It is also coachable, allowing it to improve over time as a personal assistant or company resource.
Availability and Access
Users can access Inflection Pi directly through the Inflection AI website. Once you click on “Meet Pi,” you are redirected to a page where you can immediately start chatting with the chatbot. There is a free trial available, and you will need to sign up at some point to continue using the service.
Features
- Real-Time Conversations: Inflection Pi allows for real-time conversations, enabling users to ask questions and receive immediate responses.
- Infinite Knowledge: The chatbot is equipped with a vast knowledge base, making it capable of answering a wide range of questions.
- Coachable: Users can coach Inflection Pi to improve its responses and make it more effective as a personal or company assistant.
Additional Resources
While the primary resource is the chatbot itself, here are some additional aspects to consider:
- Integration and Compatibility: There is no detailed information available on whether Inflection Pi integrates with other customer service tools or platforms like CRMs, help desks, or social media channels. However, its ability to be coachable suggests it could be adapted to work within various business environments.
- Language Support: There is no specific mention of multi-language support for Inflection Pi, which might be a consideration for businesses serving international customers.
Customer Support
The direct customer support options for Inflection Pi are not extensively detailed in the available resources. However, the chatbot’s interactive nature allows users to receive immediate responses to their queries. For more complex issues or technical support, users might need to rely on other channels such as email or community forums, though these are not explicitly mentioned.
In summary, Inflection Pi offers real-time, knowledge-based support through its chatbot, but detailed information on additional resources such as integration capabilities, multi-language support, or dedicated customer support channels is limited.
Inflection - Pros and Cons
Advantages of Inflection AI’s Chat Tools
Inflection AI, particularly through its conversational AI assistant Pi, offers several significant advantages:Availability and Engagement
Inflection AI’s Pi is available 24/7, providing immediate responses to users, which enhances client satisfaction and engagement. This real-time interaction can keep clients on a site for longer, potentially boosting sales and improving SEO.Natural and Context-Aware Dialogues
Pi utilizes advanced language models to engage in natural, context-aware dialogues, making interactions feel more human-like. This capability allows for more meaningful and personalized conversations, which can be particularly beneficial in customer service and personal assistance.Personalized Experience
Inflection-1 and its successor, Inflection-2, are designed to provide a unique and personalized experience for each user. These models adapt to individual needs and conversational styles, increasing user engagement and connection with the AI.Emotional Support
Inflection AI’s models aim to understand and respond to users’ emotional states, offering support, encouragement, and companionship. This empathetic approach sets it apart from other AI systems that may lack emotional sensitivity.Factual Accuracy and Safety
Inflection-2, the latest model, has been enhanced to provide better factual accuracy and safety. It has performed well on critical benchmarks like MMLU and GSM8k, outperforming other notable language models. The model is also designed to minimize harmful responses and maintain coherence in complex conversations.Disadvantages of Inflection AI’s Chat Tools
Despite its advantages, Inflection AI’s chat tools also have some limitations:Integration Limitations
As a standalone AI assistant, Pi may not integrate as deeply with existing software workflows compared to other AI tools that are specifically designed for enterprise environments. This can limit its utility in certain business contexts.Data Security Concerns
Like other AI-generated chatbots, Inflection AI’s tools may pose data security threats. Ensuring the secure transmission and storage of user data is a critical responsibility, and any lapses can raise ethical and legal concerns.Emotional Limitations
While Inflection AI’s models are designed to be empathetic, they still may not fully understand human emotions or frustrations as well as a human would. This can lead to interactions that feel emotionally insensitive, particularly in sensitive or complex situations.Potential for Inaccuracy
AI chatbots, including those from Inflection AI, can sometimes provide inaccurate responses. This is a risk, especially in scenarios where precise information is crucial, such as in educational or health-related inquiries.Energy Consumption and Environmental Impact
Although Inflection-2 is designed to consume less energy than its predecessor, the overall environmental impact of training and running large language models remains a concern. This is an area where continuous improvement is necessary. By considering these points, users can make informed decisions about whether Inflection AI’s chat tools meet their specific needs and priorities. Inflection - Comparison with Competitors
When Comparing Inflection AI’s PI AI with Other Chat Tools
When comparing Inflection AI, particularly its product PI AI, with other chat tools in the AI-driven category, several unique features and potential alternatives stand out.
Unique Features of PI AI
- Personal and Conversational: PI AI is distinguished by its ability to feel like a conversation with a friend. It is designed to be empathetic, supportive, and learns your preferences and interests over time, making interactions more personal and engaging.
- Multilingual Support: PI AI is available in multiple languages, making it accessible to a global audience.
- Privacy-Focused: PI AI prioritizes user privacy, with encrypted conversations and a commitment to not sharing data with third parties.
- Natural Conversation: The chatbot is praised for its natural-sounding conversations, often picking up on humor and remembering details from previous interactions.
- Voice Answers: PI AI offers a voice answers feature, allowing for hands-free interactions, which is a unique aspect compared to many text-based chatbots.
Potential Alternatives
Anthropic
Anthropic is an AI safety and research company that develops advanced AI systems, focusing on conversational AI assistants for enterprise use. Unlike PI AI, Anthropic’s products are more geared towards enterprise sectors and prioritize safety and interpretability.
xAI
xAI specializes in language learning models, particularly with its product Grok, which is designed to answer questions and support tasks. While xAI’s focus is on language learning, PI AI is more centered on personal and empathetic conversations.
Character.AI
Character.AI develops virtual communication and AI technology, offering super-intelligent chatbots. However, Character.AI’s products are more entertainment-focused and do not have the same level of personalization and empathy as PI AI.
OpenAI (ChatGPT)
OpenAI’s ChatGPT is a significant competitor, with capabilities similar to PI AI in terms of conversational AI. However, PI AI has been noted to perform on par with GPT-4 using less training compute, and it focuses more on a warm and amiable demeanor.
RealAI
RealAI provides security detection and reinforcement services, including unsupervised learning algorithms. While it is involved in AI solutions, its focus is more on security rather than conversational support and personalization.
Key Differences
- Enterprise vs. Consumer Focus: Inflection AI’s PI is primarily marketed as a personalized chatbot for consumers, whereas many competitors, like Anthropic and RealAI, focus more on enterprise solutions.
- Emotional Intelligence: PI AI stands out for its emotional intelligence and empathetic responses, which are not as prominent in many other chatbots.
- Customization and Learning: PI AI’s ability to learn and adapt to individual preferences over time is a unique feature that sets it apart from more generic chatbot experiences.
In summary, while there are several competitors in the AI chatbot space, PI AI’s emphasis on personalization, empathy, and natural conversation makes it a compelling choice for those seeking a more human-like interaction.
Inflection - Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions about Inflection AI and PI AI Chatbot
Who created PI AI?
PI AI was created by Inflection AI, a company founded by Mustafa Suleyman, the co-founder of DeepMind. Suleyman’s vision was to develop an AI chatbot that feels like a conversation with a friend.What makes PI AI different from other chatbots?
PI AI is designed to be more conversational and personal. It aims to feel like a casual conversation with a friend, learning your preferences and adapting its responses over time. Unlike stiff and robotic chatbots, PI AI focuses on natural-sounding conversations and can even pick up on humor.On which platforms is PI AI available?
PI AI is available as an iOS app and can also be accessed through Apple Messages and other messaging apps. This allows users to stay connected with PI AI across multiple devices and platforms.How does PI AI generate revenue?
Inflection AI generates revenue through several streams:- Subscription plans for individuals and businesses to access PI AI services.
- Enterprise solutions with customized AI chatbots, including one-time setup fees and ongoing maintenance contracts.
- Consulting services to help businesses optimize their use of AI technology.
- Data monetization by selling anonymized data from user interactions.
- Partnerships and collaborations with other technology companies.
What are the key features of PI AI?
Key features of PI AI include:- Personalized Conversations: PI adapts to your unique style and preferences.
- Natural Conversation: It provides thoughtful and engaging responses.
- Voice Answers: PI offers hands-free interactions with voice responses.
- Emotion and Empathy: PI can express emotions and empathy using natural language and emojis.
- Educational Insights: PI provides explanations and insights on various topics.
- Content Generation: It can generate creative content like poems, stories, and essays.
Does PI AI have a voice feature?
Yes, PI AI includes a voice answers feature, allowing users to engage in hands-free interactions by listening to responses in a natural, human-like voice.How is PI AI’s performance and development managed?
Inflection AI is committed to continuously improving PI AI. The company invests in research and development to enhance its AI models, ensuring PI AI remains smart and helpful over time. The AI is also fine-tuned using reinforcement learning and other advanced techniques.What are the usage caps on PI AI?
Inflection AI has introduced usage caps on the free access to PI AI to manage resource constraints. These caps are expected to affect power users more significantly, though the exact limits are still being determined.Can users export their conversations from PI AI?
Yes, users can export their conversations from PI AI. Inflection AI has partnered with the Data Transfers Initiative to allow users to move their important conversations off the chatbot, promoting data mobility and transferability.What are Inflection AI’s future plans and expansion strategies?
Inflection AI plans to diversify its services, target new industries such as healthcare and finance, expand globally, and invest heavily in research and development. The company also considers strategic acquisitions and partnerships to strengthen its market position.How does Inflection AI’s enterprise offering work?
Inflection AI’s enterprise offering, Inflection for Enterprise, includes customizable AI models (Pi 3.0 and Productivity 3.0) that can be fine-tuned to meet specific business needs. These models can be implemented on-premises, in the cloud, or via a hybrid setup, ensuring flexibility and security. Inflection - Conclusion and Recommendation
Final Assessment of Inflection AI
Inflection AI stands out in the chat tools AI-driven product category with its advanced and personalized AI chatbot solutions. Here’s a detailed assessment of its capabilities and who would benefit most from using it.Core Technology and Capabilities
Inflection AI’s chatbots, such as Pi, are powered by state-of-the-art natural language processing (NLP) technology, machine learning algorithms, and sentiment analysis. These capabilities enable the chatbots to engage in meaningful conversations, interpret and analyze user input, detect emotions, and maintain context throughout interactions.Personalization and User Experience
One of the key strengths of Inflection AI is its ability to provide a highly personalized experience. The chatbots adapt to individual users’ preferences and behaviors, offering personalized recommendations and responses. This personalization enhances user engagement and satisfaction, making the interactions more human-like and emotionally supportive.Target Market
Inflection AI caters to a diverse range of customers, including small and medium-sized businesses, entrepreneurs, startups, and marketing agencies. These entities can benefit from Inflection AI’s ready-made chatbot solutions to enhance customer service, streamline operations, and gather valuable customer data for targeted marketing campaigns.Performance and User Metrics
Inflection AI’s chatbot, Pi, has demonstrated impressive performance metrics, rivaling OpenAI’s GPT-4 in various areas such as math, science, and coding. Pi has achieved significant user growth, with over 1 million daily users and 4 billion conversations, indicating its effectiveness and user acceptance.Competitive Advantages
Inflection AI’s competitive advantages include its advanced NLP technology, scalability, and flexibility. The platform is designed to be highly scalable and flexible, allowing for seamless integration with various applications and systems. This makes it easier for businesses to implement Inflection AI’s chatbots across different channels and use cases.Recommendation
Given its advanced capabilities and personalized approach, Inflection AI is highly recommended for businesses and individuals seeking to enhance their customer interactions and automate customer service processes. Here are some groups that would particularly benefit:- Small and Medium-Sized Businesses: These businesses can leverage Inflection AI’s chatbots to improve customer service without the need for extensive in-house AI development resources.
- Entrepreneurs and Startups: These entities can use Inflection AI’s chatbots to streamline operations and provide personalized customer experiences, helping them compete more effectively in the market.
- Marketing Agencies: Agencies can utilize Inflection AI’s chatbot technology to automate customer interactions, gather data, and create targeted marketing campaigns.