Clarifai - Detailed Review
Fashion Tools
Clarifai - Product Overview
Clarifai Overview
Clarifai is a leading AI platform that offers a range of tools and features, particularly noteworthy in the fashion industry due to its advanced computer vision and machine learning capabilities.
Primary Function
Clarifai’s primary function in the fashion sector is to analyze and interpret visual data from images and videos. This includes identifying and categorizing fashion-related concepts, such as apparel, accessories, and other fashion items. The platform uses AI to automate tasks like image tagging, content moderation, and product recommendations, which are crucial for e-commerce and fashion-related applications.
Target Audience
The target audience for Clarifai’s fashion tools includes e-commerce platforms, online marketplaces, fashion retailers, and any businesses that rely heavily on visual content to engage customers and enhance user experience. This also extends to marketers and sales professionals who need to manage and analyze large volumes of visual data to improve customer interactions and sales strategies.
Key Features
Apparel Detection Modeling
Clarifai can identify over 150 fashion-related concepts, allowing users to automate the tagging of clothing and accessories. This feature is particularly useful for fashion curation sites and e-commerce platforms.
Content Moderation
The platform includes models for content moderation, ensuring that user-generated images meet quality and appropriateness standards. This is essential for maintaining a high-quality user experience and preventing inappropriate content from being uploaded.
Custom Metadata
Users can add custom information such as SKU or price to their data inputs, making this information searchable along with the images.
Visual Search and Recommendations
Clarifai enables advanced visual search capabilities, allowing users to find products that match their preferences. This feature enhances product discoverability and improves the overall shopping experience.
Data Labeling and Annotation
The platform provides tools for automated data labeling, which helps in training custom models with high accuracy. This reduces the time and effort required for manual labeling.
Offline and On-Premise Usage
Clarifai offers air-gapped, on-premise deployment options, ensuring data security by detaching the network from local area networks and the internet.
These features collectively make Clarifai a valuable tool for businesses in the fashion industry, helping them to improve product search, content management, and customer engagement.
Clarifai - User Interface and Experience
Unified Experience
Clarifai’s platform offers a unified user interface that simplifies access to various features. Users can easily switch between different sections such as Apps Overview, App Details, and Explorer Mode using the new navigation bar. This unified experience ensures that all necessary settings and app management tools are accessible from a single place.App Details Page
The App Details Page allows users to manage their applications comprehensively. Here, you can create and manage API keys, app workflows, and view details such as inputs, concepts, and models associated with the app. This centralized management makes it easier to oversee and configure your fashion-related applications.Explorer Mode
In Explorer Mode, several features enhance the user experience, particularly for tasks like image labeling and workflow management. For instance:- Keyboard Shortcuts: Users can assign keyboard shortcuts for concept labeling, making the process more efficient.
- Threshold Concept Labeling: You can set a threshold to display concepts with prediction scores above a certain level, helping in precise labeling.
- Resizable Sidebar: The left sidebar can be resized to customize the screen layout, providing more flexibility.
- Delete Images: Images can be deleted directly from the grid view, streamlining the workflow.
- Feedback Buttons: New feedback buttons on the navbar allow users to provide feedback or ask questions easily.
Fashion-Specific Features
Clarifai’s deep learning software includes features that are particularly useful for fashion applications. For example:- Apparel Detection: The platform can identify over 150 fashion-related concepts, automate tagging of accessories and clothing, and support the development of fashion curation sites or e-commerce platforms.
- Automated Data Labeling: This feature helps in categorizing and tagging images, which is crucial for improving product search recommendations and user experience in online marketplaces. For instance, a peer-to-peer fashion marketplace used Clarifai to tag high-end handbag brands with 98% accuracy, enhancing product SEO and onsite search capabilities.
User Experience
The overall user experience is enhanced by the platform’s ability to handle user-generated content efficiently. Features like automated data labeling and moderation models ensure that images are categorized accurately and inappropriate content is eliminated. This results in better product recommendations and a more engaging user experience. In summary, Clarifai’s user interface for fashion tools is streamlined, efficient, and easy to use. It provides a range of features that simplify tasks such as image labeling, workflow management, and content moderation, making it an effective tool for users in the fashion industry. Clarifai - Key Features and Functionality
Clarifai: A Leading Full-Stack AI Platform for the Fashion Industry
Clarifai offers a range of features and functionalities that are particularly beneficial in the fashion industry. Here are the main features and how they work:
Apparel Detection and Recognition
Clarifai’s apparel detection modeling allows users to identify over 150 fashion-related concepts, including clothing, hats, jewelry, and handbags, in images and videos. This feature automates the tagging process, reducing workflow time for fashion websites and e-commerce platforms. It uses advanced computer vision and deep learning algorithms to recognize and categorize fashion items accurately.
Custom Visual Searches
Users can train and customize visual searches to a more granular level, allowing them to search for specific images within their app. This feature improves the quality of searches and helps in finding relevant content quickly.
Machine Learning-Based Content Moderation
Clarifai’s machine learning models help filter and recognize unwanted visual content, enabling users to moderate content at scale. This is particularly useful for maintaining the quality and appropriateness of content on fashion apps and websites.
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
The platform supports OCR, which transforms images of printed, handwritten, or typed texts into machine-encoded texts. This can be useful for collecting data from records on printed papers, such as product labels or documents.
Custom Metadata
Developers can add custom metadata, like SKU or price, to their data inputs. This metadata is also searchable, making it easier to manage and retrieve specific information related to fashion products.
Demographics and Travel Models
Clarifai’s models can analyze images based on facial characteristics, providing information on multicultural appearances, gender, and age. This feature is useful for building and improving apps related to hospitality, leisure, and travel, which can also be relevant for fashion brands targeting specific demographics.
Data Labeling and Annotation
The platform allows users to annotate data, which is crucial for training custom models. Annotations help machines learn and recognize new concepts, making the models more accurate and relevant to specific use cases in the fashion industry.
Model Training and Deployment
Clarifai supports a wide range of models that can learn and adapt from training data. Users can build, train, and deploy AI models quickly, using the platform’s low-code and no-code solutions. This simplifies the process of integrating AI into fashion applications.
Compute Orchestration
The platform offers compute orchestration capabilities, allowing users to optimize AI performance and spend. This feature helps in deploying models on any compute infrastructure at any scale, ensuring efficient use of resources.
Interactive and Comprehensive UI
Clarifai provides a unified and interactive user interface where users can manage their account settings, app details, and prediction thresholds efficiently. The UI also includes features like keyboard shortcuts to label images quickly.
Air-Gapped and On-Premise Usage
For enhanced security, Clarifai offers air-gapped and on-premise usage options. This allows users to run advanced AI models offline, keeping their data stored securely on site.
These features collectively enable fashion brands to leverage AI effectively, improving operations such as product recognition, content moderation, and customer engagement, while also enhancing the overall efficiency and accuracy of their AI-driven applications.
Clarifai - Performance and Accuracy
Performance and Accuracy
Clarifai’s image recognition models, including those for fashion, are highly accurate and powerful. For instance, the Apparel Detection model is trained to recognize various types of garments in different settings such as fashion shows, lookbooks, and social media posts. This model performs well with images of people shown from 3/4 to full-length and facing forward or turned at an angle, even with varied backgrounds. The accuracy of these models can be further refined using Clarifai’s Model Evaluation tool. This tool allows users to test their custom models’ performance before deploying them in a production environment. It uses methods like K-split cross-validation to evaluate the model’s accuracy, providing detailed metrics such as precision-recall curves, ROC curves, and concept-by-concept results.Limitations
Despite the high accuracy, there are some limitations to consider:Apparel Detection Model Challenges
- The Apparel Detection model struggles with images that are cropped closely to a singular area of a person’s clothing, such as shoulders and head or only a torso. It also has difficulty with close-up images of a single garment and images of garments not being worn by people.
General Model Limitations
- General limitations of Clarifai’s models include the need for a sufficient and diverse dataset to achieve high accuracy. Models trained on small or biased datasets may not perform as well as those with extensive and varied training data.
Areas for Improvement
Pricing and Scalability
- Pricing and Scalability: While Clarifai is highly scalable and suitable for both small and enterprise-level projects, the pricing can be a concern, especially for startups or smaller companies processing large volumes of data. Users have noted that costs can ramp up quickly, making it harder for budget-conscious teams to fully leverage the platform’s potential.
User Interface and Documentation
- User Interface and Documentation: Some users find the learning curve steep, particularly for beginners. The documentation, although comprehensive, could be more beginner-friendly, and the user interface can sometimes feel unintuitive.
API Responsiveness
- API Responsiveness: There have been reports of issues with API responsiveness, especially on the free tier, where users have experienced delays in receiving responses and have had to retry requests multiple times.
Conclusion
Clarifai’s fashion tools, such as the Apparel Detection model, offer high accuracy and performance, especially when used with a well-structured and diverse dataset. However, users should be aware of the specific limitations of each model and the potential challenges related to pricing, user interface, and API responsiveness. By addressing these areas, users can optimize their use of Clarifai’s AI-driven tools for fashion applications. Clarifai - Pricing and Plans
Clarifai Pricing Structure
Clarifai’s pricing structure is segmented into several plans, each with distinct features and limitations, particularly relevant for AI-driven products like those in the fashion tools category.
Community Plan
- This plan is free and includes limited features.
- It allows for a basic level of usage, suitable for small projects or testing the platform.
- Details on specific features are not extensively outlined, but it serves as a starting point for users to get familiar with Clarifai’s capabilities.
Essential Plan
- The Essential plan starts at $30 per month.
- It includes a monthly credit of $30 worth of inputs and operations.
- Users can perform up to 300,000 operations and store up to 300,000 inputs per month.
- This plan supports basic image and video inputs, including JPEG, PNG, TIFF, BMP, and WEBP for images, and AVI, MP4, WMV, MOV, GIF, and 3GPP for videos.
- Additional operations beyond the package price are charged at the respective unit price per operation.
Professional Plan
- The Professional plan costs $300 per month.
- It includes a monthly credit of $300 worth of inputs and operations.
- Users can perform up to 1 million operations and store up to 1 million inputs per month.
- This plan supports the same input formats as the Essential plan, with the addition of custom formats available for Enterprise plans.
- It also includes more applications (up to 5) compared to the Essential plan, which allows only 2 applications.
Enterprise Plan
- The Enterprise plan is custom-priced and tailored to the specific needs of large-scale enterprises.
- It offers unlimited applications, custom input formats, and additional support for specialized requirements.
- This plan is ideal for businesses that need extensive AI capabilities, including advanced image and video recognition, data labeling tools, and intelligent search and indexing.
Additional Charges
- For all plans, any inputs or operations beyond the included credits are charged at the respective unit prices. For example, visual classification, bounding boxes, and text analysis are charged at $0.05 per image or frame and $0.05 per annotation, with volume discounts available.
No Free Trial
- Clarifai does not offer a free trial for its paid plans, but the Community plan provides a way to test the platform’s basic features.
This structure allows users to choose a plan that best fits their needs, whether they are individual developers, small teams, or large enterprises.
Clarifai - Integration and Compatibility
Clarifai Overview
Clarifai, a leading AI platform, offers extensive integration and compatibility features that make it versatile and highly useful in various applications, including the fashion industry.
Integrations with Other Tools
Clarifai can be seamlessly integrated with a wide range of tools and applications to enhance its functionality. Here are some key integrations:
- Zapier Integration: Clarifai integrates with Zapier, allowing users to connect it with over 7,000 other apps. This integration enables automated workflows, such as sending Slack messages for new images recognized by Clarifai, recognizing English text in Dropbox files and adding it to Google Sheets, or detecting NSFW content and notifying administrators.
- Data Visualization and Predictive Analytics: Clarifai’s analysis can be combined with data visualization tools and predictive analytics tools to create comprehensive reports and forecast future trends based on historical data. This helps fashion brands make informed decisions about inventory and marketing strategies.
Compatibility Across Different Platforms and Devices
Clarifai’s compatibility extends across various platforms and devices:
- Cloud and Edge Devices: Clarifai offers both cloud-based and edge device solutions. The Edge SDK allows developers to embed computer vision into mobile apps, enabling real-time image processing on edge devices such as smartphones, both online and offline. This ensures that images are processed locally without leaving the device unless explicitly allowed.
- Multiple Programming Languages: Clarifai supports integration through various programming languages including JavaScript, Python, Java, Node.js, and PHP. This flexibility makes it easier for developers to integrate Clarifai’s models into their projects.
- Web and Mobile Apps: Clarifai’s models and workflows can be integrated into web and mobile applications. For example, the Edge SDK can be used to build apps that analyze images from the smartphone camera, providing real-time predictions based on trained concepts.
Workflow Automation
Clarifai’s integration with tools like Zapier allows for the automation of various workflows. For instance, you can automate tasks such as:
- Adding new Dropbox files as inputs to Clarifai
- Sending Slack messages for new images recognized by Clarifai
- Recognizing text in images and adding it to Google Sheets
- Detecting and notifying about NSFW content.
Custom Model Development
Clarifai also supports the development of custom models. Users can build and train their own models using the Clarifai Cloud API and then deploy these models on edge devices or within other applications. This allows for customized AI solutions that are specific to the needs of fashion brands, such as analyzing fashion trends, monitoring competitors, and gaining consumer insights.
Conclusion
In summary, Clarifai’s extensive integration capabilities and compatibility across different platforms and devices make it a highly versatile and powerful tool for AI-driven applications in the fashion industry.
Clarifai - Customer Support and Resources
Customer Support
If you encounter any technical or payment issues, Clarifai’s customer support team is available to assist you. You can contact the support team directly, and they will be happy to help resolve your issues.Additional Resources
Data Labeling Services
Clarifai provides fully managed data labeling services, which are crucial for training accurate AI models. Their Scribe LabelForce service ensures high-quality data labeling, which is essential for fashion trend prediction and other AI applications.Custom Model Training
Clarifai’s Enlight ModelForce allows you to build custom models specific to your needs. This service includes data preparation, model development, and operationalization, enabling you to deploy models at scale. Their team of experts is available to guide you through the process.Pre-trained and Custom Models
Clarifai offers both pre-trained models and the option to build custom models. For instance, in fashion applications, you can use pre-trained models for general visual search or create custom models with tags specific to your industry. This flexibility is demonstrated in their visual search examples, where custom models can predict tags associated with specific clothing retailers.Documentation and Guides
While the specific website pages do not detail extensive documentation or guides, Clarifai often provides tutorials and examples through other channels, such as YouTube videos. These resources, like the video on using Clarifai for visual search in fashion, can help users understand how to implement and use their AI tools effectively.Integration Support
Clarifai’s team is available to help you integrate their computer vision AI into your technology stack. They offer support for every step of the integration process, ensuring that you can smoothly incorporate their AI solutions into your existing systems. By leveraging these support options and resources, users in the fashion industry can effectively utilize Clarifai’s AI tools to enhance their operations, improve decision-making, and gain a competitive edge. Clarifai - Pros and Cons
Advantages of Clarifai in the Fashion Tools AI-Driven Product Category
Accuracy and Capabilities
Clarifai is highly praised for its accurate and detailed image recognition capabilities, which are particularly useful in the fashion industry. It can identify various attributes such as apparel, textures, colors, and more with high precision, often outperforming other APIs like Google Cloud Vision and Bing Vision.Customizable Models
One of the significant advantages of Clarifai is its ability to create custom models. This feature allows businesses to identify unique and uncommon items that may not be covered by default models, which is invaluable for fashion brands dealing with specific product lines.Ease of Integration
The platform is relatively easy to set up and integrate into various applications. The API is flexible and can be called upon multiple times without issues, making it a seamless addition to existing systems.Scalability
Clarifai is highly scalable, making it suitable for both small and enterprise-level projects. This scalability ensures that the platform can handle large volumes of data efficiently, which is crucial for fashion companies with extensive product catalogs.Support and Resources
Clarifai offers excellent tutorial support and comprehensive documentation, which helps users, especially beginners, to get started quickly. The company also has an active community and customer support, as evidenced by their engagement with users on platforms like Discord.Disadvantages of Clarifai in the Fashion Tools AI-Driven Product Category
Learning Curve
While Clarifai is generally easy to use, it can have a steep learning curve for beginners. The documentation, although comprehensive, could be more beginner-friendly, and the user interface can sometimes feel unintuitive.Pricing
The pricing of Clarifai can be a concern, especially for startups or smaller companies. Costs can ramp up quickly with heavy usage, making it challenging for budget-conscious teams to fully leverage its potential.API Responsiveness
Some users have reported issues with the API’s responsiveness, particularly on the free tier. This can lead to delays and the need for multiple retries to get the desired responses.Limited Live Image Processing
Currently, Clarifai’s image recognition capabilities are limited to still images and do not support live webcam views or real-time video processing, which could be a limitation for certain use cases in the fashion industry.Cost of Heavy Usage
The cost of using Clarifai can become high with heavy usage, such as processing large volumes of data. This can be a significant drawback for companies that need to analyze a large number of images regularly. By considering these points, you can make an informed decision about whether Clarifai aligns with your needs in the fashion industry. Clarifai - Comparison with Competitors
Clarifai’s Unique Features
Clarifai is renowned for its advanced computer vision capabilities, which are particularly useful in the fashion industry. Here are some of its unique features:
- Image Recognition and Trend Analysis: Clarifai can analyze vast amounts of visual data from sources like social media, runway shows, and retail environments to identify emerging trends, monitor competitors, and gain consumer insights.
- Deep Learning Algorithms: Clarifai leverages deep learning algorithms to detect patterns in colors, styles, and designs, helping brands stay ahead of trends.
- Integration with Other Tools: Clarifai can be integrated with data visualization and predictive analytics tools to create comprehensive reports and forecast future trends.
Competitors and Alternatives
Google Vision AI
Google Vision AI is another powerful tool in the fashion trend analysis space. Here’s how it compares:
- Object Detection: Recognizes various fashion items in images, such as clothing, accessories, and footwear. It also labels images with relevant fashion terms and detects text from images.
- Use Cases: Useful for market research, inventory management, and creating personalized shopping experiences.
Syte
Syte is a competitor that focuses on visual AI technology for product discovery:
- Visual Search Experience: Syte drives e-commerce performance with a visual search experience that connects shoppers with hyper-personalized products. It serves various sectors including fashion, jewelry, and home decor.
- Hyper-Personalization: Syte’s platform helps retailers offer highly personalized product recommendations based on visual inputs.
ViSenze
ViSenze is another alternative that powers visual commerce:
- Intelligent Image Recognition: ViSenze delivers solutions that shorten the path to action for consumers searching and discovering products online. It empowers retail merchants to increase revenue by making product discovery easier.
- Automated AI Platform: ViSenze’s platform automates the process of connecting shoppers with products through visual search capabilities.
Landing AI
Landing AI offers a different approach with its visual prompting platform:
- End-to-End AI Platform: Landing AI provides an end-to-end AI platform that includes visual prompting for various applications. It is not specifically focused on fashion but can be adapted for such use cases.
Vize by Ximilar
Vize by Ximilar is another alternative that offers high accuracy with deep learning:
- Scalable Recognition: Vize provides scalable image recognition in the cloud, allowing users to train on their own images. It is known for its high accuracy and deep learning capabilities.
Each of these alternatives has its own strengths and can be chosen based on the specific needs of the fashion brand or retailer. For example, if the focus is on deep learning and trend analysis, Clarifai might be the best choice. However, if the need is more towards visual search and product discovery, Syte or ViSenze could be more suitable.
Clarifai - Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions about Clarifai’s AI-Driven Fashion Tools
Q: What kind of fashion-related AI models does Clarifai offer?
Clarifai provides apparel detection modeling, which allows users to identify over 150 fashion-related concepts. This feature enables the automation of tagging to quickly recognize accessories and clothing, reducing workflow time for fashion websites and e-commerce platforms.
Q: How can Clarifai be used for visual search in fashion applications?
Clarifai can be used for visual search by training custom models or using pre-trained models to find similar products. For example, you can take a photo of a pair of shoes, crop the image, and use Clarifai’s platform to find similar shoes quickly, with results returned in milliseconds.
Q: Can Clarifai help in predicting fashion trends?
Yes, Clarifai’s computer vision technology can be integrated into trend detection engines to analyze content from various industries and detect trends. For instance, Nextatlas used Clarifai’s AI to detect maternity fashion trends by analyzing user-labeled images and training a joint style model.
Q: How does Clarifai handle image recognition and classification in fashion?
Clarifai employs advanced methodologies such as vision transformers and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for accurate object recognition. These technologies enable fashion brands to effectively leverage AI for image recognition and classification, helping them stay ahead of trends and meet consumer demands.
Q: Is Clarifai’s platform user-friendly for building and deploying AI models in fashion?
Yes, Clarifai offers a user-friendly portal that allows users to easily train and build classification models. The platform supports quick deployment, standardizing workflows, and improving efficiency, enabling teams to launch production AI in minutes.
Q: Can Clarifai be integrated with other systems and platforms for fashion applications?
Clarifai supports integration with various systems, including commercial clouds like GCP, C2S, Azure, and AWS. Additionally, it offers PHP Clients and Android SDK, allowing users to enable machine learning directly on their devices without extensive computing power and internet connectivity.
Q: How does Clarifai ensure data security and compliance in fashion AI applications?
Clarifai provides integrated security features, including role-based access control and the ability to run AI models in air-gapped, on-premise environments. This ensures that data and IP are protected and compliant with regulatory requirements.
Q: Can Clarifai help in content moderation for fashion apps?
Yes, Clarifai’s machine learning models support content moderation, helping users to filter and recognize unwanted visual content on their apps. This feature is particularly useful for maintaining a clean and appropriate user experience.
Q: Does Clarifai support custom metadata for fashion applications?
Yes, Clarifai allows developers to add custom metadata, such as SKU or price, to their data inputs. This custom information is also searchable, making it easier to manage and analyze fashion-related data.
Q: How can Clarifai be used for real-time analysis in emergency response or infrastructure monitoring in the fashion industry?
While Clarifai is more commonly associated with direct fashion applications, its capabilities in real-time analysis and pattern detection can be extended to related areas. For example, it can help in monitoring supply chain infrastructure or detecting issues in real-time, though this is not a primary use case in the fashion sector.
Clarifai - Conclusion and Recommendation
Final Assessment of Clarifai in the Fashion Tools AI-Driven Product Category
Clarifai stands out as a powerful AI solution in the fashion industry, offering a wide range of features and benefits that can significantly enhance various aspects of fashion operations.Key Features and Benefits
Visual Search and Product Recommendations
Clarifai’s AI platform enables highly accurate visual searches, allowing users to find products by uploading images or describing items. This feature is particularly useful for e-commerce platforms, as it improves product search recommendations and enhances user engagement.
Automated Product Tagging
The software automates the tagging of fashion items, identifying key attributes such as size, color, and style with high precision. This automation streamlines inventory management and improves the accuracy of search results and product recommendations.
Content Moderation
Clarifai’s machine learning models help in moderating user-generated content, ensuring that images uploaded are of high quality and free from inappropriate content. This is crucial for maintaining a professional and safe online marketplace.
Apparel Detection and Fashion Trends
The platform includes models for detecting over 150 fashion-related concepts, which can be used to identify trends and categorize clothing items accurately. This feature is beneficial for fashion brands and resellers looking to stay ahead in the market.
Customization and Personalization
Clarifai supports customization options, allowing customers to personalize clothing items by selecting fabrics, colors, and designs. This enhances the shopping experience and meets the growing demand for individuality in fashion.
Who Would Benefit Most
E-commerce Platforms
Online fashion retailers can benefit significantly from Clarifai’s visual search, product recommendations, and automated product tagging features. These tools improve the user experience, increase conversions, and enhance the overall efficiency of inventory management.
Fashion Brands and Resellers
Brands and resellers can leverage Clarifai’s AI to detect fashion trends, moderate user-generated content, and provide personalized product recommendations. This helps in standing out in a competitive market and improving customer satisfaction.
Fashion Marketplaces
Peer-to-peer marketplaces, especially those dealing with high-end or designer fashion, can use Clarifai to improve product SEO, onsite search capabilities, and content moderation. This ensures a high-quality user experience and increases the accuracy of search results.
Overall Recommendation
Clarifai is a highly recommended solution for any entity within the fashion industry looking to leverage AI for improving operational efficiency, enhancing customer experience, and staying competitive. Its comprehensive suite of features, including visual search, automated tagging, content moderation, and trend detection, makes it an invaluable tool.
For those considering implementing AI solutions, Clarifai offers a user-friendly portal, customizable models, and a range of pre-built visual recognition models that can be integrated into various applications. The independence and trustworthiness of Clarifai, as it does not have ulterior motives to compete with its customers, add to its appeal.
In summary, Clarifai is a powerful and versatile AI solution that can significantly benefit fashion e-commerce platforms, brands, and marketplaces by enhancing their operations and customer experiences.