
Deepnote Copilot - Detailed Review
Coding Tools

Deepnote Copilot - Product Overview
Deepnote Copilot Overview
Deepnote Copilot is an AI-driven coding tool specifically designed for data scientists, analysts, and other professionals in the data science field. Here’s a brief overview of its primary function, target audience, and key features:
Primary Function
Deepnote Copilot is an integrated AI service that provides contextual code suggestions to enhance the productivity of data scientists and analysts. It aims to reduce the time spent on repetitive coding tasks, allowing users to focus more on insightful data analysis and problem-solving.
Target Audience
The primary target audience for Deepnote Copilot includes data scientists, data analysts, machine learning engineers, and other professionals working in data science. These individuals often work in teams and value collaborative tools that streamline their data workflows and improve productivity.
Key Features
Contextual Code Suggestions
Deepnote Copilot offers lightning-fast, contextual code suggestions that understand the full scope of your notebook. The more text and code you write, the more relevant the suggestions become.
Efficiency and Speed
Partnered with Codeium, Deepnote AI Copilot delivers superior model performance, extensive context windows, and efficiency, similar to what users experience with GitHub Copilot.
Collaborative Notebooks
The tool is integrated into Deepnote’s collaborative data science notebooks, allowing teams to work together in real-time and share their work easily. This includes features like Jupyter compatibility and cloud-based functionality.
Automated Notebook Generation
Deepnote AI can automatically generate entire data notebooks, including code, SQL queries, and text, based on user prompts or instructions.
Code Editing and Debugging
The AI can assist in editing and debugging existing code, pinpointing issues and providing immediate fixes with a simple click.
Security
Deepnote emphasizes security with features like Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), allowlists, SSH tunnels, SSL certificates, and OAuth, ensuring secure collaboration and data handling.
Conclusion
Overall, Deepnote Copilot is a valuable tool for data science professionals, enhancing their productivity by automating repetitive tasks and providing contextual assistance throughout their coding workflow.

Deepnote Copilot - User Interface and Experience
User Interface and Experience
The user interface and experience of Deepnote AI Copilot are crafted to be intuitive, efficient, and highly integrated into the coding workflow, particularly for data scientists and analysts.Integration and Context
Deepnote AI Copilot is seamlessly integrated into the Deepnote data notebook environment. It provides predictive inline suggestions, often referred to as “ghost text,” as you type. This feature is highly contextual, drawing information from the entire notebook contents, including initial steps, updates, and references to variable names and their associated metadata.Real-Time Suggestions
The AI Copilot generates code completions in real-time, taking into account the block you are currently editing, its position in the notebook, and the cursor’s location. This ensures that the suggestions are relevant and accurately placed within your existing code. The system can even generate completions for positions between existing code, which is particularly useful for making edits.Ease of Use
The interface is user-friendly, allowing you to focus on the broader aspects of your project while the AI handles repetitive and tedious coding tasks. For example, when working with DataFrames, Copilot can suggest code based on the column names and data types, making it easier to reference them in your notebook.Additional Features
Deepnote AI Copilot includes several features that enhance the user experience:Descriptive Names and Text Blocks
Using descriptive names for your projects and notebooks, and outlining your goals in text blocks, helps the AI provide more relevant code suggestions.Variable Explorer
The AI leverages the variable explorer to access references to all variables created during runtime, including their Python types and additional metadata. This is particularly useful when working with tabular data like CSV files.Slash Command
You can access the add block menu by pressing `/` in text blocks, making it easier to add different kinds of blocks without using the mouse.User Feedback and Interaction
Users have reported a significant productivity boost with Deepnote AI Copilot. The feedback has been overwhelmingly positive, with users appreciating how accurately the suggestions fit into their coding flow. If you don’t like a suggested completion, you can easily scroll through other options using command shortcuts.Overall Experience
The overall user experience is streamlined to make coding faster and more efficient. By automating repetitive tasks and providing accurate, context-aware suggestions, Deepnote AI Copilot allows users to concentrate on the more strategic aspects of their work. This makes the coding process smarter and more enjoyable, especially for those dealing with data exploration and analysis.
Deepnote Copilot - Key Features and Functionality
Deepnote AI Copilot Overview
Deepnote AI Copilot is a sophisticated tool integrated into the Deepnote platform, aimed at enhancing the productivity of data scientists and analysts. Here are the key features and how they work:Contextual Code Suggestions
Deepnote AI Copilot provides lightning-fast, contextual code suggestions as you type. This feature is powered by a partnership with Codeium, ensuring high model performance and extensive context windows. The AI analyzes the full scope of your notebook, including the code, variables, and files, to offer relevant suggestions. This helps reduce the time spent on repetitive coding tasks and allows users to focus on more insightful data analysis.Extensive Context Windows
The AI Copilot leverages the modular structure of notebooks to gather context. It considers the notebook’s contents, including code, files, and data, as well as the narrative and analytical goals. Additionally, it pulls data from Deepnote’s variable explorer, which includes references to all variables created during runtime, along with their Python types and metadata. This comprehensive context enables the AI to provide highly relevant code suggestions.Code Completion and Editing
Deepnote AI Copilot offers code completion features that go beyond simple autocompletion. It can generate completions at various positions within the code, including inline fill-in-the-middle completions. This is particularly useful for making edits and ensuring accurate placement of generated completions relative to the cursor. The AI also steps back when autocomplete is more appropriate, such as after typing a period in SQL blocks.SQL Support
The AI Copilot is also adept at handling SQL tasks. It understands SQL habits, dialects, and preferred column-naming conventions. When you start typing a SQL query, the AI predicts what you might be interested in, such as joining specific tables, based on your past interactions.Conversational AI Features
Although currently in development, upcoming conversational AI features will aid in generating, editing, debugging, and understanding both code and SQL. This will further enhance the user experience by allowing more interactive and natural interactions with the AI.Integration with Notebooks
Deepnote AI Copilot is seamlessly integrated into the notebook environment, allowing users to stay immersed in their workflow without needing to switch to external tools. The iterative cycle of inputs and outputs in notebooks provides intuitive touchpoints for engaging the AI as needed.Efficiency and Productivity
By automating repetitive coding tasks and providing quick, relevant code suggestions, Deepnote AI Copilot significantly boosts productivity. Users can focus on the bigger picture and more complex aspects of their data analysis, while the AI handles the more mundane tasks. This has resulted in users saving a substantial amount of time, with some reports indicating over 300,000 characters saved each week.Customizable AI Assistance
With the addition of other AI tools like Deepnote Auto AI, users can customize their workflows to fit their preferred level of AI assistance. This ranges from the lightest boost with AI Copilot to more comprehensive assistance with Auto AI, allowing users to choose how much AI support they need at different stages of their data science workflows.Conclusion
In summary, Deepnote AI Copilot is a powerful tool that integrates AI seamlessly into the coding and data analysis process, enhancing productivity, reducing repetitive tasks, and providing a more efficient and streamlined workflow.
Deepnote Copilot - Performance and Accuracy
Evaluating the Performance and Accuracy of Deepnote AI Copilot
Evaluating the performance and accuracy of Deepnote AI Copilot involves several key aspects, highlighting both its strengths and areas for improvement.
Performance
Deepnote AI Copilot has demonstrated impressive performance in several areas:
- Speed and Efficiency: The tool provides lightning-fast code suggestions, significantly enhancing user productivity. It helps data scientists and analysts by reducing the time spent on repetitive and boilerplate code, allowing them to focus on more critical tasks.
- Contextual Suggestions: The AI Copilot leverages the rich context provided by notebooks, including code, files, data, and accompanying narratives. This context enables the AI to offer highly relevant and accurate code suggestions as users work within their notebooks.
- User Engagement: User feedback has been overwhelmingly positive, with an acceptance rate of code suggestions increasing by over 31% since the initial beta release. This indicates that users find the suggestions valuable and integrate them well into their workflow.
Accuracy
The accuracy of Deepnote AI Copilot is also noteworthy:
- Contextual Awareness: The AI is highly aware of the context within the notebook, including variable names, data types, and SQL habits. This contextual awareness helps in generating precise and relevant code completions.
- Continuous Improvement: The AI learns from user interactions, improving its suggestions as more content is created within the notebook. This continuous learning enhances the accuracy and relevance of the code suggestions over time.
- Post-processing: To ensure accuracy, Deepnote AI Copilot includes a post-processing step that filters out irrelevant or incorrect suggestions, such as single-character completions or suggestions that do not fit the current coding context.
Limitations and Areas for Improvement
Despite its strong performance and accuracy, there are some limitations and areas where Deepnote AI Copilot can be improved:
- Misinterpretation in Text-to-SQL: Even with full schema context, large language models (LLMs) like those used in Deepnote AI Copilot can sometimes misinterpret data, leading to incorrect filter values or the selection of the wrong table. This is particularly challenging in cases of data duplication or insufficient documentation.
- Balancing Context and Relevance: While more context generally improves the quality of suggestions, too much context can be distracting. The AI needs to balance selecting relevant data while weeding out irrelevant information to maintain high-quality outputs.
- Integration with Other Tools: There can be conflicts between the AI Copilot and other features like autocomplete. For instance, the AI may need to step back when autocomplete is more appropriate, such as after typing a period in SQL blocks. This requires ongoing adjustments to ensure seamless integration.
Security and Trust
Deepnote AI Copilot also prioritizes security and transparency:
- Transparent and Auditable Results: The AI ensures that every suggestion is turned into transparent and reproducible results, allowing data teams to trust the AI outputs.
- Security Features: Deepnote incorporates various security measures, including Role-Based Access Control (RBAC), allowlists, SSH tunnels, SSL certificates, and OAuth, ensuring that users can work securely.
In summary, Deepnote AI Copilot performs well in terms of speed, efficiency, and contextual accuracy, but there are areas such as text-to-SQL interpretations and balancing context that require ongoing improvement. The tool’s ability to learn from user interactions and its commitment to security and transparency make it a valuable asset for data scientists and analysts.

Deepnote Copilot - Pricing and Plans
Deepnote Pricing Plans
Deepnote, the platform that integrates AI Copilot for data scientists and analysts, offers a clear and structured pricing plan that caters to various needs. Here’s a breakdown of the different tiers and their features:
Free Plan
- This plan is ideal for hobbyists and up-and-coming data scientists.
- It includes up to 3 editors, 5 projects, and AI-powered code completion.
- Basic machines with 5GB RAM and 2vCPU are provided.
- This plan is free, making it a great starting point for those who want to explore the capabilities of Deepnote without a financial commitment.
Team Plan
- Priced at $31 per editor/month, billed yearly.
- This plan includes unlimited viewers and notebooks.
- It features Deepnote AI, premium integrations, and plus machines with 16GB RAM and 4vCPU.
- Users can add or remove Editor/Admin seats at any time, with billing adjusted accordingly.
Enterprise Plan
- Custom pricing for organizations that require additional security, compute, and deployment options.
- Features include volume machine discounts, Single Sign-On (SSO) & directory sync, audit logs, and a dedicated success manager.
- This plan is suited for larger organizations with specific needs and requirements.
Additional Notes
- Subscription Cancellation and Refunds: Users can cancel their subscription at any time and receive a prorated refund for any unused days of the month. However, removing a paid seat does not result in a prorated refund, though the seat can be reassigned to another user within the company.
- Education Plan: Deepnote offers a free Education plan for members of educational institutions, such as students, teachers, and researchers. This plan has almost all the same features as the Team plan.
Deepnote’s pricing structure is designed to be flexible and scalable, allowing users to choose the plan that best fits their needs and budget.

Deepnote Copilot - Integration and Compatibility
Deepnote’s AI Copilot Overview
Deepnote’s AI Copilot integrates seamlessly with various tools and platforms, making it a versatile and compatible solution for data scientists and analysts.
Jupyter Compatibility
Deepnote is fully compatible with Jupyter Notebooks, which means you don’t need to learn any new proprietary notebook formats. You can upload your existing Notebooks in the IPYNB format and start working on them immediately, just as you would with Jupyter.
Data Connectors
Deepnote offers a wide range of built-in data connectors for major cloud platforms such as BigQuery, Snowflake, Redshift, Athena, and Clickhouse. Additionally, it has first-class integrations with file-based connections including Google Drive, Google Cloud Storage, Amazon S3, Dropbox, OneDrive, and Google Sheets. This extensive integration capability makes it easy to connect to your various data sources.
Version Control
Deepnote also integrates well with version control software like Git and GitLab, ensuring that your projects are well-managed and collaborative.
Coding Languages
The AI Copilot supports multiple coding languages, including Python and SQL. It provides contextual code suggestions, helping you switch smoothly between Python and SQL blocks within your notebooks. This is particularly useful for DataFrame SQL blocks, enhancing your coding efficiency across both languages.
Collaboration Features
Deepnote is built with collaboration in mind, offering features like fine-tuned permissions, collaborative notebooks, multi-user editing, and commenting. This ensures that teams can work together effectively on data science projects.
AI Integration
Deepnote AI Copilot is integrated with Codeium, which enhances its model performance, speed, and context window. This partnership results in highly relevant and efficient code suggestions, making the workflow more productive and collaborative.
Conclusion
In summary, Deepnote’s AI Copilot is highly integrated with various tools and platforms, ensuring compatibility and ease of use across different coding languages, data sources, and collaborative environments. This makes it an excellent choice for data scientists and analysts looking to streamline their workflows.

Deepnote Copilot - Customer Support and Resources
Customer Support Options for Deepnote AI Copilot
When using Deepnote AI Copilot, several customer support options and additional resources are available to help you maximize the benefits of this AI-driven coding tool.
Documentation and Guides
Deepnote provides comprehensive documentation that covers various aspects of using AI Copilot. The documentation is a valuable resource where you can find detailed guides on how to integrate AI Copilot into your workflow, including how to use its features such as contextual code suggestions, working with notebooks, and connecting to data sources.
Blog and Updates
The Deepnote blog is another essential resource, offering articles that introduce new features, explain how to get the best out of AI Copilot, and provide tips and tricks for effective usage. For example, the blog posts on “Behind Deepnote AI Copilot” and “Introducing Deepnote AI” offer in-depth insights into how the tool works and how to optimize its use.
Contextual Support Within the Tool
AI Copilot itself is designed to provide real-time support as you code. It generates contextual code suggestions based on the content of your notebook, the block you’re editing, and your cursor position. This ensures that you receive relevant and timely assistance as you work.
User Feedback and Community
Deepnote values user feedback and has reported overwhelmingly positive responses from users. This feedback loop helps in continuously improving the AI Copilot features. While there isn’t a specific community forum mentioned, the positive user feedback indicates a supportive user base.
Future Updates and Features
Deepnote is committed to ongoing development and improvement. Future updates will include conversational AI features for generating, editing, and debugging code and SQL, which will further enhance the support and resources available to users.
Integration with Other Tools
Deepnote AI Copilot is integrated with other tools like Codeium, which enhances its model performance and provides extensive context windows. This integration ensures that users can leverage the best of multiple technologies to boost their productivity.
While the provided resources do not explicitly mention dedicated customer support channels like email or live chat, the comprehensive documentation, blog updates, and integrated tool support are designed to ensure users can effectively utilize Deepnote AI Copilot.

Deepnote Copilot - Pros and Cons
Advantages of Deepnote Copilot
Deepnote Copilot offers several significant advantages that make it a valuable tool for data scientists and analysts:Contextual Code Suggestions
Deepnote Copilot provides lightning-fast, contextual code suggestions that help users focus on the bigger picture by automating repetitive and tedious coding tasks.Immersive Workspace
The tool integrates seamlessly into notebooks, allowing users to stay immersed in their workflow without the need to switch between different tools or windows.Rich Context Repository
Notebooks serve as a repository of rich context, including code, files, data, and the accompanying narrative, which helps the AI deliver more pertinent responses.Efficiency and Productivity
By handling repetitive tasks, Deepnote Copilot significantly boosts efficiency and productivity, enabling users to concentrate on insightful data analysis.Extensive Context Windows
Partnered with Codeium, Deepnote Copilot offers superior model performance and extensive context windows, making it highly effective in providing relevant suggestions.Future Features
Upcoming updates include conversational AI features for generating, editing, debugging, and understanding both code and SQL, which will further enhance productivity and accessibility.Disadvantages of Deepnote Copilot
While Deepnote Copilot has many benefits, there are also some limitations and potential drawbacks:Focused on Python
The tool is primarily focused on Python and other coding languages, which might limit its effectiveness for users working with other languages.Contextual Data Requirement
Deepnote Copilot requires a significant amount of contextual data to function effectively, which can be less efficient with less input.Limited Language Models Scope
The scope of the language models used is limited, which could restrict the tool’s capabilities in certain scenarios.Accessibility for Novice Coders
The tool may be less accessible for novice coders due to its advanced features and the need for a certain level of coding proficiency.Notebook Requirement
Deepnote Copilot is specifically designed for use within notebooks, which might not be ideal for all coding environments or workflows. By considering these points, users can make an informed decision about whether Deepnote Copilot aligns with their coding needs and preferences.
Deepnote Copilot - Comparison with Competitors
Deepnote AI Copilot
Deepnote AI Copilot is specifically designed for data scientists and analysts, particularly those working in Python and other coding languages. Here are some of its key features:
- Contextual Code Suggestions: It provides code suggestions with high speed and relevance, taking into account the full scope of your notebook.
- Efficiency and Automation: It helps reduce repetitive and tedious coding tasks, allowing users to focus on the bigger picture.
- Seamless Integration: Deepnote AI integrates organically into your data workflow, eliminating the need for chat windows or repetitive copy-pasting. It uses notebook content, variables, schemas, and outputs to provide context-aware assistance.
- Autonomous Mode: It functions as a virtual collaborator, planning, executing tasks, and independently correcting itself.
- SQL Block Assistance: It assists in crafting relevant SQL queries, making it useful for database-related tasks.
GitHub Copilot
GitHub Copilot is another prominent AI coding assistant:
- Large Dataset Access: It taps into publicly accessible code from GitHub repositories, providing users with a vast dataset to expedite code development.
- Multi-IDE Compatibility: It offers extensions for various integrated development environments like Visual Studio, Visual Studio Code, Neovim, and JetBrains.
- Error Identification and Modification: It is good at identifying code errors and suggesting modifications.
OpenAI Codex
OpenAI Codex is a powerful tool for generating and explaining code:
- Multi-Language Support: It can generate functional code in numerous programming languages, including Python, JavaScript, and Ruby, among others.
- Code Generation and Explanation: It can predict and generate entire lines or blocks of code, and inform users how to write, fix, or explain code.
- Retired Models: As of March 2023, the Codex models have been retired, replaced by new Chat models with comparable abilities.
Tabnine
Tabnine is an AI-based code completion tool:
- Multilingual Support: It supports several programming languages, including Java, Python, and JavaScript, making it versatile.
- Deep Learning Integration: It uses deep learning algorithms to predict the user’s coding intent, enhancing developer efficiency and productivity.
- Cross-Platform Compatibility: It is compatible with popular code editors, making it widely accessible.
CodeT5 and Polycoder
- CodeT5: This open-source AI code generator supports multiple languages and can generate accurate code from natural language descriptions. It also offers code documentation and summary generation.
- Polycoder: An open-source alternative to OpenAI Codex, Polycoder is trained on a massive codebase and is highly regarded for its speed and efficiency in generating code in multiple languages.
AIXcoder and Ponicode
- AIXcoder: This tool provides comprehensive assistance, including automated routine tasks, AI-powered code completion, real-time code analysis, and error checks. It also integrates seamlessly with GitHub for code search and reuse.
- Ponicode: It leverages AI for code analysis and unit tests, transforming user-specified descriptions into viable code. It is supported by CircleCI and streamlines coding while enhancing the quality of the output.
Unique Features of Deepnote AI Copilot
Deepnote AI Copilot stands out for its:
- Seamless Integration with Notebooks: It integrates organically into your data workflow, removing the need for additional interfaces or copy-pasting.
- Context-Aware Assistance: It uses the entire notebook content to provide highly relevant and executable code suggestions.
- Autonomous Mode: It acts as a virtual collaborator, planning and executing tasks independently.
In summary, while tools like GitHub Copilot, OpenAI Codex, Tabnine, CodeT5, Polycoder, AIXcoder, and Ponicode offer various AI-driven coding features, Deepnote AI Copilot’s seamless integration, contextual awareness, and autonomous capabilities make it a strong choice for data scientists and analysts working within notebooks.

Deepnote Copilot - Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions about Deepnote Copilot
What is Deepnote Copilot?
Deepnote Copilot is an AI-powered code suggestion tool developed specifically for data scientists and analysts working with coding languages like Python. It provides contextual code suggestions to enhance productivity and reduce repetitive coding tasks.What are the key features of Deepnote Copilot?
Key features include contextual code suggestions, lightning-fast performance, extensive context windows, and integration with Codeium for superior model performance. Additionally, it offers AI-assisted data exploration, a modular structure of notebooks, and upcoming conversational AI features for generating, editing, and debugging code and SQL.How does Deepnote Copilot improve productivity?
Deepnote Copilot improves productivity by providing quick and relevant code suggestions, allowing users to focus on insightful data analysis rather than repetitive coding tasks. It also helps in streamlining coding tasks across various programming languages.Is Deepnote Copilot available in all Deepnote plans?
Deepnote Copilot is available to Team and Enterprise customers. The Free Plan does not include access to Deepnote AI Copilot, but it does offer basic AI-powered code completion.How do I enable Deepnote AI Copilot in my workspace?
To enable Deepnote AI Copilot, you need to go to the Settings & Members section and click on Project settings. Once enabled, all editor and admin users in your workspace will have access to features like code generation, editing, and explanation.Can Deepnote Copilot generate, edit, and explain code?
Yes, Deepnote AI Copilot can generate, edit, and explain code. You can ask questions in plain language, and the AI will craft or revise code according to your instructions. It also provides concise explanations for complex pieces of code.How does the feedback system work for Deepnote AI Copilot?
You can provide feedback on the quality of Deepnote AI’s outputs by giving a thumbs up or down. If an output didn’t work for you, you can press the thumbs down button and share more context in a survey window. This feedback helps improve the AI’s performance.Are there any upcoming features for Deepnote Copilot?
Yes, Deepnote is developing more advanced features, including conversational AI capabilities for generating, editing, and debugging code and SQL. These features aim to make data work more accessible and efficient.How does Deepnote Copilot handle context in notebooks?
Deepnote Copilot understands the full scope of your notebook, providing more relevant code suggestions as you write more text and code. This contextual understanding helps users stay immersed in their workflow.Can Deepnote Copilot be used in educational settings?
Yes, Deepnote Copilot can be incorporated into teaching materials to help students understand coding practices more efficiently. It streamlines coding tasks and provides helpful suggestions, making it a valuable tool for educational purposes.What kind of support and resources are available for Deepnote Copilot users?
Deepnote offers various resources, including step-by-step guides, weekly Q&A sessions, and full access to an AI workflow archive. Users can also share ideas and suggestions on the Product Portal and potentially collaborate with the product team on future AI projects.
Deepnote Copilot - Conclusion and Recommendation
Final Assessment of Deepnote Copilot
Deepnote Copilot is a highly innovative tool within the AI-driven coding tools category, specifically crafted for data scientists, analysts, and software developers. Here’s a comprehensive overview of its benefits and who would most benefit from using it.Key Features and Benefits
- Contextual Code Suggestions: Deepnote Copilot provides lightning-fast, contextual code suggestions, which significantly enhance productivity by reducing the time spent on repetitive coding tasks.
- Collaborative Capabilities: It is integrated into a collaborative data science notebook, allowing teams to work together on data projects in real-time. This feature promotes teamwork, knowledge sharing, and transparency within teams.
- Jupyter Compatibility: Deepnote is fully compatible with Jupyter notebooks, making it an ideal choice for users already familiar with the Jupyter ecosystem. This compatibility ensures a seamless transition and adds additional features to enhance the data science experience.
- Cloud-Based Functionality: The tool operates in the cloud, offering scalability, flexibility, and accessibility. Users can access their work from anywhere and easily scale their computing resources as needed.
- Partnership with Codeium: The partnership with Codeium ensures superior model performance, extensive context windows, and efficiency, which are crucial for advanced data science tasks.
Who Would Benefit Most
Deepnote Copilot is particularly beneficial for:- Data Scientists and Analysts: These professionals can leverage the tool to reduce repetitive coding tasks, focus on insightful data analysis, and improve their overall productivity.
- Machine Learning Engineers: The tool’s ability to handle complex data projects and provide contextual code suggestions makes it invaluable for machine learning engineers working on collaborative projects.
- Software Developers: Developers who work in teams and need to share code snippets, visualizations, or entire notebooks will find Deepnote Copilot’s collaborative features highly useful.
- Data-Driven Organizations: Organizations that prioritize data-driven decision-making and invest in data science capabilities can use Deepnote Copilot to streamline their data workflows and enhance team collaboration.