Team Messaging by RingCentral - Detailed Review
Collaboration Tools
Team Messaging by RingCentral - Product Overview
Overview
RingCentral Team Messaging is a comprehensive collaboration tool within the RingCentral suite of cloud communications and collaboration solutions. Here’s a brief overview of its primary function, target audience, and key features.Primary Function
RingCentral Team Messaging is designed to centralize and organize team communication, enabling seamless collaboration and information sharing. It integrates various communication channels such as instant messaging, file sharing, video conferencing, and project management into a single, unified platform.Target Audience
RingCentral Team Messaging caters to a diverse range of customers, including small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs), large enterprises, remote workers, and global organizations. This broad appeal is due to its scalability and flexibility, making it suitable for businesses of all sizes and types.Key Features
Unified Communication
The platform combines voice, video, and messaging capabilities, allowing users to switch between these formats seamlessly. This includes the ability to start a call or video meeting directly from live chats.Streamlined Collaboration
Users can create teams for specific projects, business units, or interest-based groups. This feature helps in centralizing conversations and document sharing, keeping everything organized.File Sharing and Project Management
The tool allows users to share files, photos, videos, and other media. It also supports project management features such as creating and managing tasks, events, and notes.Advanced Search and Organization
The platform includes an advanced search function, color-coded folders, reminders, and the ability to pin important messages for easy access. Users can also save important group messages and files for quick retrieval.Integration Capabilities
RingCentral Team Messaging integrates with other business applications and tools, such as Salesforce, Microsoft Office 365, and Google Workspace, enhancing productivity and efficiency by streamlining workflows.AI-Powered Features
The platform includes AI-driven features like instant translation, writing improvement suggestions, and post-call analysis, which can help improve communication and collaboration.Security and Admin Controls
The tool is designed with strong security features and admin controls, ensuring data protection and easy administration and monitoring.Conclusion
Overall, RingCentral Team Messaging is a versatile and powerful tool that enhances team collaboration, streamlines communication, and boosts productivity across various business environments. Team Messaging by RingCentral - User Interface and Experience
User Interface of RingCentral’s Team Messaging
The user interface of RingCentral’s Team Messaging, part of their AI-driven collaboration tools, is designed to be intuitive, user-friendly, and highly customizable. Here are some key aspects that highlight its ease of use and overall user experience:
Intuitive Messaging
RingCentral’s direct messaging feature is straightforward and easy to use. Users can quickly message anyone in the company or entire groups with just a click, making communication efficient and streamlined.
Team Creation and Management
Users can easily set up teams for various purposes, such as specific projects, business units, or interest-based groups. This feature helps centralize conversations, document sharing, and keeps everything organized.
Customization and Organization
The interface allows users to customize their experience through personal folders, where conversations can be categorized and color-coded for better organization. Users can also drag and drop folders, direct messages, and favorites to arrange them as needed.
Advanced Search and Accessibility
RingCentral includes an advanced search function that enables users to quickly find information using keywords, mentions, and filters. This feature ensures that important messages and files are easily accessible, saving time and enhancing productivity.
Seamless Integration
The platform integrates seamlessly with other tools, such as calendar and contact syncing, allowing users to manage tasks, share notes, tasks, and events all from one workspace. This integration extends to external contacts as well, making it easy to include clients and partners in group chats.
Real-Time Collaboration
Users can switch from live chats to calls or video meetings with a single click, facilitating real-time collaboration. The ability to share recordings, post emails as messages, and connect meetings to existing group chats keeps the collaboration going smoothly.
Personalization and Presence Status
The interface offers personalized phone settings and presence status sync, which helps users avoid unnecessary interruptions by showing colleagues’ real-time availability. This feature is particularly useful when managing multiple incoming calls within Microsoft Teams.
Enhanced User Experience
RingCentral provides a modern and simplified user experience with features like push notifications, a heads-up display for real-time availability, and support for both light and dark themes. These elements contribute to a comfortable and adaptable working environment.
Multi-Device Support
The platform supports Teams desktop, web, and mobile platforms, ensuring that users can stay connected and collaborate across different devices without any disruptions.
Overall, RingCentral’s Team Messaging is designed to be highly accessible, easy to use, and highly customizable, making it an effective tool for enhancing team collaboration and productivity.
Team Messaging by RingCentral - Key Features and Functionality
The Team Messaging Feature by RingCentral
RingCentral, part of their collaboration tools and AI-driven products, offers a comprehensive set of functionalities designed to enhance team communication, collaboration, and productivity. Here are the main features and how they work:
Chat and Messaging
RingCentral allows users to send direct messages, audio, and video messages, making real-time communication effortless. You can message individuals or entire groups with just a click, ensuring quick clarity and simple conversations.
Group and Team Creation
Users can easily set up teams for various purposes, such as specific projects, business units, or interest-based groups. This feature centralizes conversations, document sharing, and information exchange, keeping everything organized.
File and Information Sharing
The platform enables seamless sharing of files, links, and texts. You can forward messages to colleagues without losing context, and even bookmark important messages for easy reference later.
Integration with Meetings
RingCentral allows you to create a new messaging channel after meetings or connect your meeting to an existing group chat. This ensures that collaboration continues smoothly after the meeting ends.
External Contact Integration
You can add clients and partners to group chats, share emails, and keep everyone on the same page. This feature simplifies teamwork by including all relevant stakeholders in the communication loop.
AI-Powered Features
RingCentral integrates AI across conversations to improve your writing, translate messages instantly, and help you catch up quickly on discussions. AI-powered analytics also provide actionable insights from your conversations, such as sentiment analysis and engagement metrics.
Advanced Search and Personalization
The platform includes an advanced search function that helps you find specific messages or files quickly. Personalization options allow you to customize your experience, including the use of emojis and GIFs to enhance communication.
Calendar and Contact Sync
RingCentral allows you to connect your calendar and sync all your contacts, ensuring that you have all the necessary information at your fingertips. This integration helps in better project and task management.
Call, Message, and Meet
Users can initiate calls, send messages, or start video meetings directly from the chat interface. This unified communication approach reduces the need to switch between multiple applications.
Presence Status and Mobility
The platform displays presence status, so you can see who is available in real-time. It also ensures consistent communication capabilities across desktop and mobile devices, allowing you to start a conversation on one device and transition to another without disruption.
Security and Administration
RingCentral is easy to administer and monitor, ensuring that your information remains safe and private. The platform is designed to be secure and compliant, which is particularly important for businesses with strict data protection requirements.
Integration with Other Tools
RingCentral can integrate with over 300 other business applications, including CRM systems and productivity tools. This integration automates workflows, syncs customer data, and combines communication channels into a single, streamlined interface.
By combining these features, RingCentral’s Team Messaging tool enhances collaboration, reduces communication costs, and improves overall productivity within an organization. The AI-driven analytics and integration capabilities make it a powerful tool for managing and optimizing business communications.
Team Messaging by RingCentral - Performance and Accuracy
Performance
RingCentral’s integration with Microsoft Teams is highly praised for its seamless communication solutions. Here are some performance highlights:AI-Generated Summaries
The RingCentral AI Assistant provides comprehensive, AI-generated summaries of conversations after each call. This feature helps users focus on the conversation rather than taking notes, ensuring that key points, decisions, and action items are accurately captured and easily accessible for future reference.
Real-Time Notes and Summaries
The AI Notes feature automatically captures important details during meetings, allowing teams to stay fully engaged in the conversation while ensuring all necessary information is documented.
SMS and Fax Management
Users can send and receive SMS messages and manage faxes directly within the Microsoft Teams interface, streamlining workflows and reducing the need to switch between apps.
Integration with CRMs
RingSense for Microsoft Teams updates CRMs like Salesforce with conversation summaries, keeping opportunities up to date and providing valuable insights into customer interactions.
Accuracy
The accuracy of RingCentral’s AI-driven features is a significant aspect of its performance:AI-Powered Transcriptions
RingSense for Microsoft Teams generates accurate transcriptions and summaries of phone calls, which are then stored for easy retrieval. This ensures that the content of the conversations is accurately captured and can be referenced later.
Consistent Insights
The AI Assistant and RingSense provide consistent and reliable insights into customer conversations, including topics, competitors, and products of interest. This helps in maintaining a high level of accuracy in understanding customer needs and preferences.
Limitations and Areas for Improvement
Despite the strong performance and accuracy, there are some limitations and areas where RingCentral could improve:TCR Registration Process
The process for completing the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) registration, required for texting, can be lengthy and frustrating. Users have reported waiting months for the registration to be completed, and the lack of clear guidance from the support team is a significant issue.
Text Messaging Limits
RingCentral has limits on the number of text messages that can be sent per user per month, which can be restrictive for businesses that heavily rely on texting. For example, the Core plan limits users to 25 texts per month, and even the highest-tier plan only allows 200 texts.
Call Recording Storage
Call recordings are only stored for 90 days, which can be a limitation for businesses that need to review past conversations for training or dispute resolution purposes.
Interface and User Experience
Some users find the RingCentral interface complicated and outdated, which can affect the overall user experience. This includes issues like conversations being stored in separate folders, making it difficult to piece together information.
Additional Costs and Features
Certain advanced features, such as AI Assistant for SMS, are only available on the highest-tier plans, which may not be cost-effective for all businesses. Additionally, features like vanity numbers come with extra setup fees.
In summary, RingCentral’s integration with Microsoft Teams offers powerful AI-driven tools that enhance collaboration and communication accuracy. However, there are several limitations, particularly around the user interface, text messaging limits, and the TCR registration process, that need to be addressed to provide a more comprehensive and user-friendly experience. Team Messaging by RingCentral - Pricing and Plans
Pricing Structure for RingCentral’s Collaboration Tools
Free Plan – RingCentral Glip
RingCentral offers a free version of its team messaging and video meetings through RingCentral Glip. Here are the features included:- Unlimited Meeting Duration: Meetings can last up to 24 hours.
- Up to 100 Participants: Host meetings with up to 100 participants.
- Unlimited Users per Account: Suitable for teams and companies of any size.
- One-click Host and Join: No downloads needed; join meetings directly from a browser or the app.
- App Integrations: Includes integrations with various apps.
- Team Messaging and Collaboration: Features include unlimited posts, unlimited storage, file sharing, contact, task, and calendar management.
Paid Plans – RingCentral Meetings
For more advanced features, RingCentral offers several paid plans:Essentials Plan
- $14.99 per user/month: This plan is for growing businesses.
- Up to 100 Participants: Host group meetings with up to 100 participants.
- Unlimited 1:1 and Group Meetings: No time limits on meetings.
- Desktop and Application Sharing: Share screens and applications.
- Basic Reporting: Access basic reporting features.
- 24×7 Phone Support: Get round-the-clock phone support.
- 1,000 Call Me Minutes: Includes outbound local PSTN minutes for Meetings Call Me.
Advanced Plan
- $19.99 per user/month: This plan is for large enterprises.
- All Essentials Plan Features: Includes all features from the Essentials Plan.
- 2,500 Call Me Minutes: Increased outbound local PSTN minutes.
- Real-time Usage Dashboard: Access a real-time usage dashboard.
- Available SLA: Service Level Agreement available.
Additional Plans and Features
RingCentral also offers other plans that are more comprehensive, such as the Core, Advanced, and Ultra plans, which are part of their broader communication suite. Here’s a brief overview:Core Plan
- $20 per user/month: Basic call center functionality, suitable for SMBs.
- Unlimited Domestic Calling: Includes unlimited domestic calling.
- Video Meetings for 100 Users: Host video meetings for up to 100 users.
Advanced Plan
- $25 per user/month: For mid-market companies looking to streamline processes.
- Advanced Call Queues and Monitoring: Includes advanced call management features.
- Business Analytics: Access business analytics and AI transcriptions.
Ultra Plan
- $35 per user/month: For enterprises needing deep analytics and advanced features.
- Video Meetings for 200 Users: Host video meetings for up to 200 users.
- Advanced Call Management and Analytics: Includes comprehensive call management and analytics features.
Add-ons and Integrations
RingCentral also offers various add-ons and integrations, such as Webinar, Large Meetings, RingCentral Rooms, and more, which can be added to the existing plans to enhance functionality. In summary, RingCentral provides a free plan through Glip with extensive features for team messaging and video meetings, along with several paid plans that cater to different business needs, each offering a range of advanced features and integrations. Team Messaging by RingCentral - Integration and Compatibility
Integration with Microsoft Teams
RingCentral integrates natively into the Microsoft Teams environment, allowing you to access enterprise-grade cloud telephony directly from the Teams app. This integration eliminates the need to switch between different applications, as you can make calls, send SMS messages, and even faxes all within the Teams interface.
Compatibility Across Platforms and Devices
The RingCentral for Microsoft Teams integration is compatible with various devices, including desktop, web, and mobile platforms. It supports Windows 10.8.1 (64-bit) or later, macOS 10.15 (High Sierra) or later, and ensures consistent communication capabilities whether users are at their desk or on the move.
Unified Communication Channels
This integration brings together multiple communication channels into a single dashboard. You can manage voice calls, SMS messages, and fax documents from within Microsoft Teams, ensuring uniformity in communication across all channels. This unified approach saves time and reduces the hassle of managing multiple tools.
Advanced Calling Features
RingCentral adds advanced calling features to Microsoft Teams, such as real-time monitoring, call recording, voicemail transcription, and smart routing rules. These features are particularly beneficial for sales teams, support staff, and other power users who require sophisticated call management capabilities.
Presence Sync and Contact Management
The integration includes bi-directional presence sync, ensuring that your availability status is updated accurately across both Microsoft Teams and RingCentral. It also allows unified contact searching from both Microsoft and RingCentral directories, making it easier to find the right contact without switching apps.
Business Continuity and Reliability
RingCentral’s integration provides a high level of reliability with a 99.999% uptime guarantee, which is crucial for business continuity. This ensures that your communication services remain available even in the event of a Microsoft Teams outage.
Analytics and Integration with Other Tools
The integration offers advanced call analytics, providing insights into call quality, user activity, and system performance. This data is invaluable for IT and department leaders to make informed decisions. Additionally, RingCentral can integrate with over 300 other business applications, including CRMs and project management tools, to streamline workflows and optimize your technology stack.
Installation and Support
Setting up the RingCentral for Microsoft Teams integration is relatively straightforward. You can download and install the RingCentral for Teams app from the Microsoft Teams store and log in with your RingCentral credentials. The process is quick, and users can start enjoying the premium functionality immediately. RingCentral also provides comprehensive support through phone, chat, or email if any issues arise.
Conclusion
In summary, the integration of RingCentral with Microsoft Teams enhances your communication infrastructure by providing a unified, reliable, and feature-rich solution that works seamlessly across various devices and platforms.
Team Messaging by RingCentral - Customer Support and Resources
Customer Support
RingCentral provides comprehensive support to help users resolve any issues promptly. Here are some key support features:
- Easy Administration and Monitoring: The platform is designed to be easy to administer and monitor, reducing the need for extensive technical support.
- Helpful Resources: RingCentral offers various resources, including guides and FAQs, to help users get the most out of the platform. For example, the “Frequently asked questions about messaging” section addresses common queries and provides tips on using the messaging features effectively.
Additional Resources
To enhance user experience and productivity, RingCentral provides several additional resources:
- Integration with Other Tools: RingCentral integrates seamlessly with over 300 business applications, including CRMs, productivity tools, and other communication channels. This integration helps in synchronizing customer data, conversation history, and interaction logs across systems, making workflows more efficient.
- AI-Powered Analytics: The platform includes AI-powered analytics that can turn conversations into actionable insights. Features like RingSense capture and process interactions to provide insights on metrics such as sentiment, engagement, and conversation trends.
- Advanced Search Function: An advanced search function allows users to quickly find messages, files, and other content within the platform, making it easier to manage and retrieve information.
- Training and Guides: RingCentral offers administrative guides, such as the “RingCentral for Microsoft Teams Admin Guide,” which provides detailed instructions on how to use the integration features effectively.
- Centralized Communication Hub: By combining voice, SMS, and fax functions within the Teams interface, RingCentral creates a centralized communication hub that streamlines workflows and reduces the need to switch between multiple applications.
Collaboration Features
The platform is rich in collaboration features that support team engagement:
- Group and 1:1 Chats: Users can easily start conversations of any size, share files, and transition from chat to video meetings with a single click.
- File Sharing and Organization: Files are stored and organized chronologically, making them easy to find and share among team members.
- Presence Status and Personalization: Features like presence status and personalization options help in maintaining real-time availability and customizing the communication experience.
These resources and features ensure that users of RingCentral’s Team Messaging have the support and tools they need to collaborate efficiently and effectively.
Team Messaging by RingCentral - Pros and Cons
Advantages
Streamlined Collaboration
RingCentral’s team messaging allows for the creation of teams around specific projects or interests, facilitating ongoing group conversations and the sharing of messages, documents, photos, and other attachments. This helps keep communications organized and makes collaboration more efficient.
Task Management
Within teams, you can assign tasks to individual members or the group and track the status of these action items, ensuring accountability and focus on what needs to be done.
Event Management
Teams can create and view team events at a glance, including standing meetings and time off reminders, helping to keep everyone’s schedule in sync.
Integration with Other Tools
RingCentral integrates with various collaboration tools like Microsoft Teams, Slack, and Google Workspace, as well as cloud storage solutions such as Google Drive, Dropbox, and Box. This allows for seamless communication and data management across different platforms.
Advanced Search and Organization
The platform includes features like bookmarking messages, advanced search functions, and the ability to add items to favorites lists, making it easier to find and reference important information.
External Collaboration
You can add external members to group chats, share emails, and collaborate with clients and partners, which is particularly useful for projects involving multiple stakeholders.
AI-Powered Features
RingCentral offers AI-driven features such as instant translation, writing improvements, and automatic AI summaries of meetings, enhancing the efficiency and quality of communications.
Security and Accessibility
The platform is designed with admin controls and security measures, ensuring that information is safe and private. It is also highly scalable and accessible, supporting remote workers and BYOD initiatives.
Disadvantages
Limited Customization
There are some limitations in customizing certain aspects, such as the inability to customize the conference call greeting message.
Platform Compatibility
While the web dashboard can be used, there is a lack of direct Linux support, which might be a minor inconvenience for some users.
Overall, RingCentral’s Team Messaging offers a comprehensive set of features that enhance collaboration, task management, and integration with other tools, making it a valuable asset for team communication. However, it does have some minor drawbacks related to customization and platform compatibility.
Team Messaging by RingCentral - Comparison with Competitors
Unique Features of RingCentral Team Messaging
RingCentral Team Messaging integrates a wide range of communication tools, including instant messaging, phone calls, video conferencing, and file sharing, all within a single app. This unified communication approach allows users to switch seamlessly between different communication modes, such as turning a chat into a video call with a single click. Key features include:- AI-powered messaging: Enhances writing, translates messages instantly, and helps users catch up quickly on conversations.
- Admin controls and security: Offers strong security measures and administrative controls to ensure data safety and privacy.
- Organizational tools: Allows users to organize conversations by project or topic, pin important messages, and use color-coded folders and reminders to prioritize tasks.
- Omnichannel customer engagement: While primarily a team collaboration tool, RingCentral also offers advanced customer engagement features through its Contact Center solution, which is not typically found in standard team messaging apps.
Potential Alternatives
Microsoft Teams
Microsoft Teams is a strong competitor with its own set of AI-driven features. It includes real-time translation, transcription, and meeting insights, as well as the ability to generate meeting summaries and action items. Teams also integrates well with Microsoft Office tools, allowing for co-editing of Word, Excel, and PowerPoint files directly within the app.Slack
Slack offers AI-powered features like message prioritization and automated responses. It also suggests relevant channels and conversations based on user activities and interests. Slack’s AI capabilities help ensure important messages are not missed and improve communication efficiency.Trello
Trello uses AI to automate repetitive tasks and provide smart suggestions for next steps in project management. Its Butler bot can automate workflows like moving cards or setting due dates based on specific triggers, streamlining collaboration efforts.Asana
Asana leverages AI to prioritize tasks, automate workflows, and provide insights into project progress. It predicts potential project bottlenecks and suggests solutions to keep projects on track, ensuring remote teams stay organized and productive.Zoom
Zoom incorporates AI to enhance virtual meetings with features like background noise suppression, real-time transcription, and smart meeting scheduling. It also provides real-time analytics on participant engagement and improves video call quality.Taskade
Taskade offers a unified workspace for project management and real-time collaboration, integrating AI tools to automate routine tasks and generate actionable insights. It supports various content types and has strong integration capabilities, including Zapier support, making it versatile for team collaboration and AI-assisted productivity.Key Differences
- Integration with Other Tools: Microsoft Teams has a strong integration with Microsoft Office tools, while RingCentral excels in its omnichannel customer engagement capabilities. Taskade stands out with its extensive integration ecosystem, including over 5000 apps via Zapier.
- AI Capabilities: Each platform has unique AI features. For example, RingCentral focuses on AI-powered messaging and organizational tools, while Microsoft Teams and Zoom emphasize real-time translation and transcription. Taskade uses AI to automate routine tasks and provide insights into project data.
- User Experience: RingCentral’s unified communication approach makes it easy to switch between different communication modes, whereas Slack’s AI suggests relevant channels and conversations. Asana and Trello focus more on project management automation.
Team Messaging by RingCentral - Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions about Team Messaging by RingCentral
What are the key features of RingCentral Team Messaging?
RingCentral Team Messaging offers a wide range of features to enhance collaboration. You can use it for instant messaging, file sharing, video conferencing, and project management, all within a single workspace. It allows you to send photos, videos, audio, gifs, and files, and you can easily switch from a chat to a call or video meeting with a single click. Additionally, you can organize conversations by project or topic, pin important messages, and use color-coded folders to prioritize tasks.
How does RingCentral Team Messaging support video conferencing?
RingCentral Team Messaging includes built-in video conferencing capabilities. You can host meetings with up to 100 participants for up to 24 hours, and these meetings come with features like free screen sharing, annotation, and the ability to record and save meetings with HD sound and vision. You can launch or join meetings directly from your browser or through the desktop or mobile app.
Can I integrate RingCentral Team Messaging with other tools and apps?
Yes, RingCentral Team Messaging supports integrations with over 200 cloud communications APIs and various apps. This allows you to connect your team messaging with other tools you use, enhancing your workflow and collaboration. For example, you can integrate with Outlook for one-click scheduling and use other integrated apps to streamline your tasks.
How secure is RingCentral Team Messaging?
RingCentral places a strong emphasis on security and admin controls. The platform offers features like data retention policies, compliance exports, and secure web access (HTTPS) and Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption. Admins can also control file sharing, user invite controls, and other security settings to ensure your information remains safe and private.
Can I use RingCentral Team Messaging on multiple devices?
Yes, RingCentral Team Messaging is accessible across various devices. You can use the desktop app, mobile app, or access it directly from your browser. This allows you to stay connected and collaborate with your team regardless of where you are or which device you are using.
How do I organize and prioritize my conversations in RingCentral Team Messaging?
You can organize your conversations using personal folders, which allow you to categorize direct and group chats based on projects, importance, or any other criteria you set. You can also prioritize tasks with color-coded folders, set reminders, and easily spot important direct mentions. Additionally, you can pin important messages for quick access and use search tools to find information fast using keywords, mentions, and filters.
Can I add external users, such as clients or partners, to group chats?
Yes, you can easily add clients and partners to group chats in RingCentral Team Messaging. This feature helps keep everyone on the same page by allowing you to share emails and collaborate seamlessly with external users.
What are the pricing plans for RingCentral Team Messaging?
RingCentral offers several pricing plans that include team messaging features. The plans range from $20 to $35 per user per month, with different tiers offering varying levels of features such as unlimited voice calling, SMS, video conferencing, and integrations. For example, the Core plan starts at $20 per month and includes team chat, video conferencing for 100 participants, and basic call queues. The Advanced and Ultra plans offer additional features like automatic call recording, real-time analytics, and unlimited file sharing.
How does RingCentral Team Messaging support task management?
RingCentral Team Messaging allows you to create tasks directly within any conversation, whether it’s a direct message or a group chat. You can assign these tasks to anyone in the conversation, making it a convenient way to keep track of your to-dos and ensure that tasks are completed efficiently.
Can I record and save meetings in RingCentral Team Messaging?
Yes, you can record and save meetings in RingCentral Team Messaging. The platform allows you to record meetings, which are then saved for future reference. This feature is particularly useful for ensuring that everyone is on the same page and for reviewing important discussions or decisions made during meetings.
Are there any AI-powered features in RingCentral Team Messaging?
Yes, RingCentral Team Messaging includes AI-powered features to enhance your communication workflow. For example, you can use AI to improve your writing, translate messages instantly, and catch up quickly on conversations. These features are part of the broader RingCentral MVP (Message, Video, Phone) suite, which integrates AI across your conversations to make collaboration more efficient.