
Amazon Translate - Detailed Review
Language Tools

Amazon Translate - Product Overview
Amazon Translate Overview
Amazon Translate is a neural machine translation service offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that is designed to provide fast, high-quality, affordable, and customizable language translation.
Primary Function
The primary function of Amazon Translate is to enable the translation of large volumes of text, both in real-time and in batch, to facilitate cross-lingual communication and content localization. This service uses deep learning models to deliver more accurate and natural-sounding translations compared to traditional statistical and rule-based translation algorithms.
Target Audience
Amazon Translate is beneficial for a wide range of users, including businesses, organizations, and individuals who need to communicate across language barriers. It is particularly useful for companies looking to localize their content, translate user-generated content, and enable multilingual user experiences in their applications. This includes scenarios such as customer service, social media, email communications, and document translation.
Key Features
Batch and Real-Time Translations
Amazon Translate supports both batch translation for large volumes of pre-existing text and real-time translation for on-demand needs, such as customer service chat conversations.
Customization
Users can customize the translations by defining brand names, model names, and other unique terms. Additional customization options include do-not-translate tags, custom terminology, profanity settings, formality settings, and the use of parallel data.
Integration with Other AWS Services
Amazon Translate can be integrated with other AWS services like Amazon Comprehend for sentiment analysis, Amazon Transcribe for subtitles and live captioning, and Amazon Polly for speaking translated content. It also supports translation of documents stored in Amazon S3 and text stored in databases like Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon Aurora, and Amazon Redshift.
Automatic Language Detection
The service automatically detects the source language of the input text, making the translation process more efficient.
High-Quality Translations
Amazon Translate delivers highly accurate translations, continually improving through machine learning technologies to provide natural-sounding results.
By leveraging these features, Amazon Translate helps bridge language gaps, enabling effective communication and content localization across diverse global audiences.

Amazon Translate - User Interface and Experience
Amazon Translate Overview
Amazon Translate, a part of Amazon Web Services (AWS), offers a user-friendly and intuitive interface that makes it easy to translate text and integrate translation capabilities into various applications. Here’s a breakdown of its user interface, ease of use, and overall user experience:
User Interface
The user interface of Amazon Translate is primarily accessed through the AWS Management Console, APIs, and SDKs. Here, users can manage and configure their translation tasks without needing extensive technical expertise.
Console Interface
The AWS Management Console provides a straightforward interface where users can upload files, select source and target languages, and customize translation settings such as do-not-translate tags, custom terminology, and formality levels.
API Integration
For developers, Amazon Translate offers APIs that can be integrated into various applications. This allows for seamless real-time and batch translations, making it easy to add multilingual support to user interfaces, customer support systems, and other applications.
Ease of Use
Amazon Translate is designed to be user-friendly, even for those without advanced technical skills.
Automatic Language Detection
Users can automatically detect the source language of their text by specifying `auto` as the source language, simplifying the process of translating content without manually identifying the language.
Customization Options
The service provides several customization features, such as custom terminology, brevity, profanity masking, and formality settings, which can be easily configured through the console or APIs.
Supported File Formats
Amazon Translate supports a variety of file formats, including plain text, HTML, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations, and XLIFF 1.2 files. This makes it easy to translate content from different sources without needing to convert file formats.
Overall User Experience
The overall user experience with Amazon Translate is streamlined and efficient.
Real-Time and Batch Translations
Users can perform both real-time translations for immediate needs and batch translations for larger volumes of content. This flexibility makes it suitable for a wide range of use cases, from customer support to content localization.
Integration with Other AWS Services
Amazon Translate can be seamlessly integrated with other AWS services such as Amazon Comprehend, Amazon Transcribe, and Amazon Polly. This integration enables users to analyze text, generate subtitles, and speak translated content, enhancing the overall user experience.
Documentation and Support
Amazon provides extensive documentation, code examples, and video series to help users get started and make the most out of the service. This support ensures that users can quickly resolve any issues and optimize their use of Amazon Translate.
In summary, Amazon Translate offers a user-friendly interface, ease of use through automated and customizable features, and a seamless integration with other AWS services, making it an effective tool for translating text and enhancing multilingual user experiences.

Amazon Translate - Key Features and Functionality
Amazon Translate Overview
Amazon Translate is a powerful AI-driven language translation service offered by AWS, and it comes with several key features that make it a versatile and efficient tool for translation needs.
Real-Time and Batch Translation
Amazon Translate supports both real-time and batch translation jobs. For real-time translations, you can translate text, HTML, and .docx files instantly, which is particularly useful for immediate content creation and localization.
In batch mode, you can translate large volumes of text by uploading files to an Amazon S3 location. Supported file formats include plain text (.txt), HTML (.html), Word (.docx), Excel (.xlsx), PowerPoint (.pptx), and XLIFF 1.2 (.xlf). The output files maintain the same format as the input files.
Automatic Language Detection
Amazon Translate can automatically detect the source language of the input text. To use this feature, you specify auto
as the source language, and Amazon Translate uses Amazon Comprehend to determine the language. This feature is convenient when the source language is unknown or varies.
Custom Terminology
You can define custom terminology to ensure that specific terms, such as brand names or technical jargon, are translated correctly. This feature allows you to maintain consistency and accuracy in translations that are critical to your business.
Do-Not-Translate Tags
For HTML content, you can use do-not-translate tags to specify sections of the text that should not be translated. This is useful for preserving formatting, logos, or other content that should remain unchanged.
Profanity Masking
Amazon Translate can mask profane words and phrases in the translation output, ensuring that the translated content meets your standards for appropriateness.
Formality
You can set the level of formality in the translation output, allowing you to adjust the tone of the translated text to suit your audience.
Brevity
For real-time text translations, you can enable brevity to reduce the length of the translation output. This feature is useful when concise translations are necessary.
Parallel Data
You can provide example translation samples to adapt the translation output to reflect the style, tone, and word choices of your preferred translations. This helps in maintaining consistency with existing translations.
Supported Formats
Amazon Translate supports various input formats, including plain text, HTML, Word (.docx), Excel (.xlsx), PowerPoint (.pptx), and XLIFF 1.2 (.xlf) for batch jobs. For real-time translations, it supports plain text, HTML, and .docx files.
Integration with Other AWS Services
Amazon Translate can be integrated with other AWS services like Amazon Augmented AI (A2I) to create human review workflows. This allows you to have human reviewers correct and refine the machine translations, enhancing accuracy and context.
AI Integration
Amazon Translate uses neural machine learning models, specifically deep learning models, to deliver high-quality translations. These models continuously learn and improve to provide more accurate and natural-sounding translations. The use of attention mechanisms helps the tool to better understand the context of the text being translated, leading to more accurate translations.
Conclusion
These features make Amazon Translate a powerful tool for translating content efficiently and accurately, leveraging AI to enhance the quality and customization of translations.

Amazon Translate - Performance and Accuracy
Performance and Accuracy of Amazon Translate
Accuracy
Amazon Translate leverages neural machine translation (NMT) technology, which considers the full context of the source sentence and the translation generated so far. This approach results in more accurate and fluent translations compared to traditional statistical and rule-based models. However, while Amazon Translate is highly accurate for simple and context-free texts, it may not match the precision of human translators for highly specialized or culturally sensitive texts. For example, in fields like law, medicine, or technical domains, human oversight is often necessary to ensure the translations are accurate and appropriate.Speed
One of the standout features of Amazon Translate is its speed. The automated approach allows for rapid translation, making it ideal for time-sensitive projects and real-time communication needs. This is particularly beneficial for large-scale projects or high-volume content translation, such as translating thousands of product descriptions or customer reviews.Customization
Amazon Translate offers features to customize translations, such as Active Custom Translation (ACT), which allows users to provide their own parallel data to influence the translation process. This ensures that the translations align with specific terminology and stylistic preferences, which is particularly useful for industries with specialized vocabularies.Limitations
Despite its strengths, Amazon Translate has some limitations. It imposes certain limits on the size of text that can be translated in a single request, the number of characters per document, and the size of custom terminology files. These limits are crucial to ensure optimal performance and resource allocation.Areas for Improvement
While Amazon Translate is efficient and reliable, it may lack the natural flow and depth that more precise translation tools like DeepL provide. For creative or nuanced content, such as marketing materials or social media posts, Amazon Translate’s translations might sound more literal or robotic, requiring additional editing for clarity and engagement. To improve translation quality, Amazon Translate can benefit from integrating translation memory and using prompt engineering. For instance, using existing translation memory data in the TMX format can enhance accuracy and consistency, and carefully crafting input prompts can steer the translations to be more natural and contextual.Scalability and Cost Optimization
To maximize performance and reduce costs, implementing a caching layer for frequently accessed translations can be highly effective. This approach allows translations to be served from the cache instead of calling Amazon Translate each time, improving overall efficiency and scalability.Conclusion
In summary, Amazon Translate offers remarkable speed, accuracy, and scalability, making it a strong choice for high-volume translation needs. However, for highly specialized or culturally sensitive content, human oversight and additional customization may be necessary to achieve the desired level of precision and engagement.
Amazon Translate - Pricing and Plans
Amazon Translate Pricing Overview
Amazon Translate offers a clear and scalable pricing structure, making it accessible for various needs and budgets. Here’s a breakdown of the plans and features:
Pricing Plans
Standard Translation
- This plan is priced at $15.00 per million characters translated.
- It uses neural machine translation, providing high-quality and natural-sounding translations.
- Features include broad language coverage and the ability to translate a wide variety of content.
Active Custom Translation
- This plan is priced at $60.00 per million characters translated.
- It allows for customized machine translation, enabling you to adapt translations to specific domains, tones, and styles.
- This is particularly useful for domain-specific terminologies and adjusting the word choices and style of the translated text.
Free Tier Options
Standard Translation Free Tier
- Amazon Translate offers a free tier for the Standard Translation plan, providing 2 million characters per month for 12 months.
Active Custom Translation Free Tier
- For the Active Custom Translation plan, there is a free tier that offers 500,000 characters per month for 2 months.
Billing Model
- Amazon Translate follows a pay-per-use model, where you are charged based on the total number of characters sent to the API for translation. This makes it cost-effective and easy to scale your translation needs.
Additional Features
- Both plans include features such as secure machine translation, with communications between Amazon Translate and your application being SSL-protected.
- The service is neural network-based, ensuring high-quality translations by utilizing deep learning technologies.
By choosing between the Standard Translation and Active Custom Translation plans, users can select the option that best fits their translation needs and budget. The free tiers provide a good starting point for testing the service before committing to a paid plan.

Amazon Translate - Integration and Compatibility
Amazon Translate Overview
Amazon Translate, a neural machine translation service offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS), integrates seamlessly with various tools and platforms, making it a versatile solution for language translation needs.
Integration with AWS Services
Amazon Translate can be integrated with other AWS services to enhance its functionality. For instance, it can be used in conjunction with Amazon Connect for real-time voice channel translations. Here, speech is transcribed into text using transcription services, translated using Amazon Translate, and then converted back into speech using Amazon Polly.
Additionally, Amazon Translate can be integrated into applications using AWS Amplify. This involves setting up the project, installing the necessary Amazon Translate libraries, and configuring the service as an HTTP data source. This integration allows developers to leverage Amazon Translate’s capabilities within their applications effortlessly.
Compatibility with Mobile Devices
Amazon Translate is supported in the AWS Mobile SDK for both Android and iOS. This support enables developers to incorporate translation capabilities directly into their mobile applications, ensuring that users can communicate and interact in their preferred languages on their mobile devices.
Web Browser Integration
For web users, Amazon Translate can be integrated via a web browser plugin. This plugin, compatible with Chromium-based and Firefox-based browsers, allows users to translate entire web pages with a single click. The plugin authenticates with AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM), sends the text to Amazon Translate, and displays the translated text in the browser. It also supports caching of translated pages to improve speed and reduce costs.
Console and CLI Compatibility
Amazon Translate can be accessed and managed through the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or AWS SDKs. This flexibility makes it easy for developers to test translation quality using the console and scale their translation workloads using the CLI or SDKs.
Language Support
Amazon Translate supports a broad range of languages, with over 75 languages and 5,550 language pairs as of the latest updates. This extensive language support makes it a comprehensive solution for multilingual applications and services.
Conclusion
In summary, Amazon Translate integrates well with various AWS services, mobile platforms, and web browsers, making it a highly compatible and versatile tool for language translation needs across different devices and platforms.

Amazon Translate - Customer Support and Resources
Customer Support
For technical support, you can contact AWS Customer Service directly. This service is available to help you with any issues or questions you might have while using Amazon Translate. You can reach out to them through the Amazon Translate console or by visiting the AWS Customer Service page.
Feedback and Improvement
If you have feedback or suggestions for improving Amazon Translate, you can submit them through the Customer Service channel or directly from the Amazon Translate console by selecting the feedback option.
Tutorials and Guides
Amazon provides several tutorials and guides to help you get started with Amazon Translate. For example, there is a step-by-step guide on how to translate text between languages using the AWS Web Console, which also covers using the AWS SDK and AWS CLI for more scalable workloads.
Real-Time Document Translation
For more advanced needs, Amazon Translate offers real-time document translation, which can be accessed via the console, AWS CLI, or AWS SDK. This feature supports plain text and HTML documents and allows you to customize the translation with options like custom terminology, formality, and profanity masking.
Integration with Other Services
Amazon Translate can be integrated with other AWS services and external platforms like Salesforce Service Cloud. This integration enables real-time translations in customer support chat conversations, making it easier for global enterprises to support customers in their preferred languages.
Additional Resources
- FAQs: Amazon Translate has a comprehensive FAQ section that addresses common questions about the service, including its capabilities, usage, and technical details.
- Blogs and Posts: There are various blog posts and articles available on the AWS Machine Learning blog that provide detailed information on using Amazon Translate for different scenarios, such as multilingual customer support and real-time document translation.
- Free Tier: New users can take advantage of the Free Tier, which offers up to 2 million characters per month for free for the first 12 months, starting from the first translation request. This is a great way to test and familiarize yourself with the service.
These resources and support options are designed to help you effectively use Amazon Translate and address any challenges you might encounter.

Amazon Translate - Pros and Cons
Advantages of Amazon Translate
Efficiency and Speed
Amazon Translate stands out for its ability to deliver fast and consistent translations, making it ideal for time-sensitive projects and real-time communication needs. It can handle both batch and real-time translations, allowing users to translate large volumes of text quickly.
Scalability
The service is highly scalable, thanks to its cloud-based infrastructure, enabling it to process thousands of requests simultaneously. This makes it an attractive option for businesses with fluctuating translation demands or those seeking to reach global audiences at scale.
Cost-Effectiveness
Amazon Translate operates on a pay-as-you-go model, which means users only pay for the translations they need, avoiding overhead costs. This model is particularly cost-effective for enterprises of all sizes, especially those with limited resources or looking to reduce translation costs.
Integration and Customization
The service integrates seamlessly with other Amazon Web Services (AWS) products and third-party applications, enabling streamlined automation and workflow optimization. It also offers customization features such as custom terminology, allowing users to fine-tune translations to their business needs.
High-Quality Translations
Amazon Translate uses deep learning models to deliver accurate and natural-sounding translations, especially for technical and formal content. It is reliable for translating specialized documents, contracts, and patents.
Real-Time Document Translation
The service supports real-time translation of various file formats, including Word documents, PowerPoint presentations, and Excel spreadsheets, while maintaining the original document format.
Disadvantages of Amazon Translate
Limited Language Support
While Amazon Translate supports over 70 languages, it lags behind Google Translate, which supports over 100 languages. This limited language support can be a drawback for users needing translations in less common languages.
Dependence on AWS
Amazon Translate can only be used with an AWS account, which might discourage potential customers who are not interested in other AWS services.
Confidentiality Concerns
Users may be concerned about transferring sensitive and confidential content to external servers, even though Amazon Translate ensures encryption and secure storage of processed content.
Potential for Low-Quality Translations
While Amazon Translate is generally accurate, it may not match the quality of human translators, especially for highly specialized or culturally sensitive texts. Minor translation imperfections can occur, and human post-editing may be necessary for high-value content.
Pricing for High Volumes
Although Amazon Translate is cost-effective, the costs can add up for high volumes of content, making it potentially expensive for some users.

Amazon Translate - Comparison with Competitors
When Comparing Amazon Translate to Other AI-Driven Language Translation Tools
Several key features and differences stand out.
Unique Features of Amazon Translate
- Custom Terminology: Amazon Translate allows users to define custom terminology, which is particularly useful for translating brand names, product names, and industry-specific terms. This feature ensures that translations align with a company’s brand identity and technical vocabulary.
- Automatic Language Detection: Amazon Translate can automatically detect the source language of the input text, eliminating the need for manual language selection. This is facilitated by Amazon Comprehend on the backend.
- Real-time and Batch Translations: The tool supports both real-time and batch translations, making it versatile for various use cases, from instant translations to processing large volumes of text.
- Support for Multiple File Formats: Amazon Translate can handle a wide range of file formats, including Word documents, PowerPoint presentations, and Excel spreadsheets, maintaining the original formatting.
- Customization Options: Users can customize translations by setting do-not-translate tags, configuring formality levels, and masking profanity, which helps in adapting translations to different contexts.
Comparison with Competitors
- Google Translate: While Google Translate is widely used and supports a broad range of languages, it lacks the advanced customization options available in Amazon Translate, such as custom terminology and do-not-translate tags. Google Translate also does not offer the same level of integration with other business applications via APIs as Amazon Translate does.
- Microsoft Translator: Microsoft Translator offers real-time and batch translations similar to Amazon Translate but may not have the same level of customization for industry-specific terminology. Microsoft Translator is integrated into Microsoft products, which can be an advantage for users already within the Microsoft ecosystem but may not offer the same flexibility as Amazon Translate’s API integrations.
- DeepL: DeepL is known for its high-quality translations, especially for European languages. However, it does not offer the same level of customization or integration with other applications as Amazon Translate. DeepL also has more limited language support compared to Amazon Translate, which supports over 75 languages.
Potential Alternatives
- Murf AI: Murf AI is highlighted as a potential alternative to Amazon Translate, especially for its extensive language support, contextual awareness, and tone refinement. It provides accurate translation generation and is particularly useful for users needing more nuanced and contextually aware translations.
- Other Specialized Tools: Depending on specific needs, other tools like Memsource or Smartcat might be considered for their specialized features in translation management and collaboration, although they may not offer the same level of AI-driven translation as Amazon Translate.
Pricing and Cost-Effectiveness
Amazon Translate is generally cost-effective, especially for large volumes of text, with pricing starting at $15 per million characters for standard translations and $60 per million characters for active custom translations. This makes it an economical solution compared to traditional manual translation services.
In summary, Amazon Translate stands out for its advanced customization options, automatic language detection, and broad support for various file formats. While competitors offer similar functionalities, Amazon Translate’s unique features and integrations make it a strong choice for businesses needing high-quality, customizable translations.

Amazon Translate - Frequently Asked Questions
Here are some frequently asked questions about Amazon Translate, along with detailed responses to each:
What is Amazon Translate?
Amazon Translate is a neural machine translation service offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS) that delivers fast, high-quality, and affordable language translation. It is designed to handle high volumes of content and is particularly useful when speed is critical and a certain level of translation imperfection is acceptable.
What languages are supported by Amazon Translate?
Amazon Translate supports translation between multiple languages, though the exact list of supported languages is not specified in the provided sources. For the most current information on supported languages, you should refer to the Amazon Translate documentation or the AWS website.
What are the most common use cases for Amazon Translate?
Amazon Translate is commonly used in scenarios where high volumes of content need to be translated quickly. Examples include extracting insights from large volumes of text in multiple languages, enabling customers to search applications in their preferred language, translating user-authored content like forums and support materials, and publishing initial drafts of documents. It can also be used with light human post-editing to support customer service and translate company-authored content, and with more extensive post-editing for high-value content like marketing materials and contracts.
Does Amazon Translate provide automatic source language detection?
Yes, Amazon Translate can automatically detect the source language of the input text. To use this feature, you specify `auto` as the source language, and Amazon Translate uses Amazon Comprehend to determine the language. This feature is available behind the scenes and reports the detected language along with the translation.
What kind of inputs does Amazon Translate support?
Amazon Translate supports plain text input in UTF-8 format. For real-time translations, it can handle plain text, HTML, and Word documents. For batch translation jobs, it supports a variety of file formats including plain text (.txt), HTML (.html), Word (.docx), Excel (.xlsx), PowerPoint (.pptx), and XLIFF 1.2 (.xlf).
How much does Amazon Translate cost?
The pricing for Amazon Translate starts at $15.00 per million characters for the Standard Translation plan. There is also an Active Custom Translation plan at $60.00 per million characters. Amazon Translate offers a free tier with 2 million characters per month for 12 months for the Standard plan and 500,000 characters per month for 2 months for the Active Custom Translation plan.
What AWS regions are available for Amazon Translate?
Amazon Translate Batch Translation is available in several AWS regions, including US East 1 (Northern Virginia), US East 2 (Ohio), US West 2 (Oregon), EU West 1 (Ireland), EU West 2 (London), EU Central 1 (Frankfurt), and Asia Pacific North East 2 (Seoul).
Can Amazon Translate handle real-time document translation?
Yes, Amazon Translate offers real-time document translation, allowing you to translate documents seamlessly and maintain the original document format. This feature supports plain text and HTML documents and can be accessed through the AWS Management Console, AWS CLI, or AWS SDK.
How can I customize translations with Amazon Translate?
You can customize translations using several features, such as do-not-translate tags for HTML content, custom terminology for specific terms like brand names, brevity to reduce translation output length, profanity masking, formality settings, and parallel data to adapt the translation style and tone based on example samples.
What happens if I specify an unsupported language pair?
If you specify a source or target language that is not supported, Amazon Translate returns an `UnsupportedLanguagePairException`. This exception indicates that either the source or target language is not supported by the service.
How does Amazon Translate handle low confidence in language detection?
If Amazon Translate has low confidence in detecting the correct source language using automatic language detection, it returns a `DetectedLanguageLowConfidenceException`. You can choose to use the source language returned in the exception if the confidence level is acceptable.

Amazon Translate - Conclusion and Recommendation
Final Assessment of Amazon Translate
Amazon Translate is a powerful AI-driven translation tool offered by Amazon Web Services (AWS), which stands out for its versatility, cost-effectiveness, and scalability.
Key Features and Benefits
- Customizable Translation: Amazon Translate allows users to define custom terminology, ensuring that brand names, unique terms, and industry-specific language are translated accurately. The Active Custom Translation feature further enhances this by adapting translations to fit specific industries or domains.
- Cost-Effective: It is significantly cheaper than traditional manual translation services, making it an economical solution for processing large volumes of text.
- Scalable: Whether you need to translate a few words or vast amounts of content, Amazon Translate scales effortlessly to meet your requirements, ensuring fast and reliable translations.
- Versatile Content Support: The tool supports a wide variety of content formats, including Word documents, PowerPoint presentations, and Excel spreadsheets, making it flexible for different document types.
- Automatic Language Detection: Amazon Translate automatically detects the source language of the input text, eliminating the need for manual language selection.
- Integration and Real-Time Translations: It can be integrated into various applications using APIs and supports both real-time and batch translations.
Who Would Benefit Most
Amazon Translate is particularly beneficial for several groups:
- Businesses with High Translation Volumes: Companies that need to translate large amounts of content quickly, such as meeting minutes, tech reports, and customer service communications, can significantly benefit from Amazon Translate’s speed and scalability.
- Language Service Providers (LSPs): LSPs can increase productivity by up to 50% and produce larger volumes of translation, allowing professional translators to focus on high-end creative content.
- Global Organizations: Any organization with international operations or customer bases can use Amazon Translate to make their content accessible in multiple languages, enhancing customer engagement and support.
Practical Use Cases
- Content Translation: Translate company documents, interpersonal communications, and user-authored content such as forums and support content.
- Multimedia Applications: Create subtitles and live captions, and integrate with Amazon Polly to speak translated content.
- Data Integration: Translate documents stored in Amazon S3 and text stored in Amazon DynamoDB, Amazon Aurora, and Amazon Redshift, and integrate with workflows using AWS Glue or AWS Lambda.
Recommendation
Amazon Translate is a highly recommended tool for anyone needing efficient, scalable, and customizable translation services. Its ability to handle large volumes of text, support various content formats, and integrate seamlessly with other AWS services makes it an invaluable asset for businesses and organizations with global reach. While it may not be perfect for high-stakes, precision-critical translations where minor imperfections are unacceptable, it is ideal for scenarios where speed and cost-effectiveness are paramount.
In summary, Amazon Translate offers a compelling combination of features that make it a strong choice for those seeking to leverage AI-driven translation to enhance their global communication and content accessibility.