Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Detailed Review
Legal Tools
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Product Overview
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics is a powerful tool within the Bloomberg Law platform, aimed at providing comprehensive insights into legal litigation data. Here’s a brief overview of its primary function, target audience, and key features:
Primary Function
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics is designed to analyze and provide detailed insights into federal litigation data. It leverages Bloomberg Law’s vast docket database and extensive company information to offer a wide range of analytical capabilities.
Target Audience
The primary users of this tool are legal professionals, including lawyers, law firms, and corporate legal departments. It is particularly useful for those who need to analyze litigation trends, track legal representation, and make informed decisions based on historical and current litigation data.
Key Features
- Company Analytics: Users can view which law firms and attorneys are representing a given company in federal litigation. This includes details on the types of lawsuits the company has been involved in, jurisdictional breakdowns, and the company’s overall federal litigation history.
- Law Firm Analytics: This feature allows users to see the companies a law firm has represented, the number of appearances by the firm’s attorneys, the firm’s federal litigation portfolio by case type, and a jurisdictional breakdown of the firm’s litigation. It covers over 7,000 law firms and provides filters for date, company, case type, and jurisdiction.
- Attorney Analytics: Users can access information on the companies an attorney has represented in federal court, the types of cases the attorney has litigated, the jurisdictions they have worked in, and trends in the attorney’s litigation history. This data is generated from U.S. District Court and Court of Appeals dockets since 2007 and covers over 100,000 attorneys.
- Judge Analytics: Although not detailed extensively in the sources, this feature is part of the broader Litigation Analytics, allowing users to analyze data related to judges and their litigation histories.
- Filters and Data Visualization: The tool includes various filters such as date, company, case type, and jurisdiction, which help users break down the data to identify insights and visualize legal trends.
Overall, Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics is a valuable resource for legal professionals seeking to analyze and interpret large volumes of litigation data, helping them make more informed decisions and strategies in their legal work.
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - User Interface and Experience
User Interface Overview
The user interface of Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics is designed to be intuitive and user-friendly, making it accessible for legal professionals to gather and analyze critical data.Access and Navigation
To access Litigation Analytics, users start from the Bloomberg Law homepage, where they select ‘Litigation’ from the top navigation menu and then choose ‘Litigation Analytics’. This directs them to the Litigation Intelligence Center, a one-stop resource that organizes the litigation content and tools in a way that complements their practice.Interface Layout
The Litigation Analytics dashboard is divided into several tabs, each focusing on a different entity: Company, Law Firm, Court, Judge, and Attorney. This segmentation allows users to quickly find and analyze the specific data they need.Data Visualization and Analysis
Each tab provides a detailed snapshot of the selected entity. For example, the Company tab includes an overview of the company, its hierarchy, and the latest news. It also shows which law firms and attorneys frequently represent the company, the types of cases they are involved in, and the jurisdictions where these cases are litigated. The analytics are further filterable using options on the left side of the screen.AI-Powered Tools
Bloomberg Law integrates AI-powered tools to enhance the user experience. Tools like Points of Law, Smart Code, and Brief Analyzer use machine learning to classify, organize, and analyze large data sets, such as court opinions, dockets, and company information. These tools help users collect data, visualize trends, and predict outcomes, all within a single platform.Search Functionality
Users can access Litigation Analytics by typing “litigation” into the search bar from any page on Bloomberg Law, selecting the appropriate option from the drop-down list, or by clicking on the Litigation Analytics dashboard from the Litigation Intelligence Center. This search functionality ensures quick and easy access to the required data.Ease of Use
The interface is structured to be user-centric, with features like single sign-on and a one-stop resource center that make it easy for users to find what they need. The tools are designed to save time and effort, allowing legal professionals to focus on high-value work rather than routine tasks.Overall User Experience
The overall user experience is enhanced by the tool’s ability to provide concise, transparent answers and detailed attributions, which seamlessly integrate into existing workflows. The AI Assistant, for instance, allows users to summarize, interrogate, and ask specific questions about legal documents, further streamlining the research process.Conclusion
In summary, Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics offers a clear, organized, and efficient user interface that makes it easy for legal professionals to access and analyze critical litigation data, thereby enhancing their productivity and the quality of their legal research. Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Key Features and Functionality
Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics
Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics is a comprehensive tool that offers a wide range of features to support legal research and litigation preparation. Here are the main features and how they work:
Company Analytics
- This feature allows users to search across both public and private companies to view:
- Which law firms are representing a given company in federal litigation.
- Which attorneys are representing a given company in federal litigation.
- The types of lawsuits the company has been involved in, categorized by case type.
- A jurisdictional breakdown of the company’s federal litigation.
- The company’s federal litigation history, including the number of cases by year.
- Users can also access general company information, hierarchy, and news.
Law Firm Analytics
- Users can search across law firms to view:
- The companies a given law firm has represented in federal litigation.
- The number of appearances by a law firm’s attorneys.
- The law firm’s federal litigation portfolio by case type.
- A jurisdictional breakdown of a law firm’s federal litigation.
- The law firm’s federal litigation history.
- This includes data for over 7,000 law firms, with filters such as date, company, case type, and jurisdiction to break down the data.
Attorney Analytics
- This feature provides representation information for over 100,000 attorneys at over 775 law firms.
- Users can see:
- The companies an attorney has represented in federal court.
- The types of cases the attorney has litigated, based on nature of suit codes.
- The jurisdictions where the attorney has litigated.
- The trend of the attorney’s litigation over time, including the number of cases by year.
- Filters are available to break down the data by date, company, case type, jurisdiction, and law firm.
Judge and Court Analytics
- Users can analyze judge rulings by motion outcomes, appeal outcomes, and the length of cases.
- The tool provides insights into:
- Which attorneys, companies, or legal topics a judge sees most often.
- How often a judge gets affirmed or reversed on appeal.
- The length of a typical case before the judge.
- A clickable list of relevant court opinions and dockets for matters before that judge.
Comparative Analytics
- This feature allows users to compare a judge’s motion and appeal outcomes, as well as the length of case averages, against other federal district court judges, jurisdictional averages, and national averages. Users can select the judges or jurisdictions they wish to compare.
AI Integration
While the core Litigation Analytics tool is not primarily driven by AI, Bloomberg Law has recently introduced AI-powered features that can complement this tool:
- Bloomberg Law Answers: Provides brief but detailed responses to legal queries with extensive citation support and specific attribution for different components of each answer. This feature draws from primary and secondary sources within the Bloomberg Law platform.
- Bloomberg Law AI Assistant: Functions as a document-specific tool that generates summaries and answers targeted questions about specific source documents. This tool ensures responses are confined to information within the viewed document and emphasizes source attribution.
These AI tools enhance the overall research experience by streamlining workflows, providing direct answers to legal questions, and enabling document-specific querying, all while maintaining a focus on accuracy and transparency.
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Performance and Accuracy
Evaluating the Performance and Accuracy of Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics
Evaluating the performance and accuracy of Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics involves examining its capabilities, limitations, and the quality of the data it provides.
Performance
Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics is highly regarded for its ability to collect, analyze, and visualize large datasets related to litigation. Here are some key performance aspects:
Comprehensive Data Coverage
The tool offers extensive analytics on federal district courts, judges, law firms, attorneys, and companies. It provides detailed insights into motion outcomes, appeal outcomes, case lengths, and the types of cases handled by judges and law firms.
User-Friendly Interface
The analytics are accessible through a straightforward interface, allowing users to filter results by various criteria such as motion type, outcome, date, and legal topic. This makes it easier for attorneys to identify meaningful patterns and trends.
Predictive Capabilities
The tool helps attorneys predict outcomes by analyzing historical data, which can be crucial in advising clients and preparing for litigation.
Integration with Other Tools
Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics is part of a broader suite of tools, including Points of Law, Smart Code, and Docket Key, which enhance primary law research and procedural guidance.
Accuracy
The accuracy of Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics is supported by several factors:
Data Sources
The analytics draw from a vast docket database and extensive company information, ensuring a comprehensive overview of legal data points.
Filtering Options
Users can filter results by multiple criteria, such as date, company, case type, and jurisdiction, which helps in obtaining precise and relevant data.
Consistency and Reliability
While there may be variations in data compared to other legal analytics platforms like Lexis and Westlaw, Bloomberg Law’s data is consistently drawn from case law and docket sheets, and often analyzed and corrected by an editorial team.
Limitations and Areas for Improvement
Despite its strengths, there are some limitations and areas where Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics could be improved:
Scope of Courts
The court and judge analytics are limited to Federal District Courts, which might not be sufficient for cases involving other court levels or jurisdictions.
Data Variations
Comparisons with other platforms like Lexis and Westlaw show variations in the number of cases and motions reported, which could be due to differences in case law collections and data gathering methods. This highlights the need for consistent data standards across platforms.
Continuous Updates
While Bloomberg Law continuously enhances its products, there is always room for further refinements and updates to ensure the data remains current and accurate.
Conclusion
In summary, Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics performs well in providing comprehensive and actionable data for legal research and litigation preparation. However, users should be aware of the limitations, particularly the scope of court coverage and potential variations in data compared to other platforms. Ensuring accuracy and consistency remains a key focus for ongoing improvements.
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Pricing and Plans
Pricing Structure Overview
When considering the pricing structure of Bloomberg Law, particularly for its Litigation Analytics and other AI-driven legal tools, here are some key points to note:Pricing Model
Bloomberg Law has shifted back to a more predictable and transparent pricing model. As of 2019, they moved away from a hybrid pricing model that included both seat-based and practice center-based pricing, which had caused confusion and dissatisfaction among customers.Single Seat Pricing
The current model features a published single seat price of $6,000 per year. This pricing is part of a broader strategy to offer fair and consistent pricing that reflects the value Bloomberg Law provides to its users.Tiered Pricing
Bloomberg Law aims to implement tiered pricing, where firms pay the same cost per seat within each tier. This approach is intended to provide transparency and predictability, allowing firms to better manage their costs by limiting the number of seats to actual users.Features and Access
Regardless of the number of seats purchased, all subscribers gain access to the entire Bloomberg Law platform, including all content and functionality enhancements. This includes access to Litigation Analytics, which allows users to search and analyze data by company, law firm, attorney, and judge, as well as other tools like Brief Analyzer, Draft Analyzer, and Points of Law.No Out-of-Plan Materials
Bloomberg Law subscriptions are all-inclusive, meaning there are no additional costs for “out of plan” materials. This contrasts with some other legal research services that may charge extra for certain resources.Continuous Enhancements
All enhancements in content and functionality are automatically available to all subscribers at no additional cost. This includes regular updates to analytics tools and other features.No Free Options
There are no free options for Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics or the full Bloomberg Law platform. Access is provided through paid subscriptions only.Conclusion
In summary, Bloomberg Law’s pricing is based on a single seat model with tiered pricing to ensure consistency and transparency. All subscribers have full access to the platform’s features and content, with continuous enhancements included in the subscription cost. Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Integration and Compatibility
Integration with Other Tools
Bloomberg Law is designed to be part of a broader ecosystem of legal tools. The platform is considering how its content and technology can integrate with other tools that law firms are using, such as Microsoft’s Copilot. This integration aims to make legal research more streamlined and accessible within the workflows that law firms already use.
Single Platform Access
Bloomberg Law offers all its tools, including Litigation Analytics, on a single integrated platform. This means users can access litigation analytics, case law research, brief analysis, and other resources without needing to switch between multiple platforms. The Litigation Intelligence Center, for example, combines dockets, primary sources, news, and other practice tools in one interface.
Device Compatibility
While the specific details on device compatibility are not extensively outlined, Bloomberg Law’s web-based platform is generally accessible from any device with a web browser. This includes desktops, laptops, and mobile devices, ensuring that users can access the tools from wherever they are working.
User Adoption and Support
Bloomberg Law emphasizes user adoption and support. The integration of new AI-powered tools, such as Bloomberg Law Answers and the Bloomberg Law AI Assistant, is optional, and the company works with firms to accommodate their specific compliance requirements and comfort levels with the technology. This approach ensures that users can integrate these tools into their existing workflows without disruption.
Continuous Enhancements
Bloomberg Law continuously enhances its products, ensuring that the platform remains compatible with the evolving needs of legal professionals. The steady cadence of major product rollouts includes updates to Litigation Analytics, Brief Analyzer, and other tools, all of which are available to subscribers at no additional cost.
Conclusion
In summary, Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics is part of a comprehensive and integrated platform that is designed to work seamlessly with other legal tools and across various devices, making it a versatile and user-friendly resource for legal research and litigation preparation.
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Customer Support and Resources
Customer Support
For users needing assistance, Bloomberg Law provides multiple avenues for support:Contacting Customer Support
Users can contact Bloomberg Law’s customer support team directly for help with any issues or questions they may have.Law Library Assistance
Many law libraries, such as the Jenkins Law Library, offer access to Bloomberg Law and have librarians available to answer questions and provide guidance on using the platform.Video Tutorials and Guides
Bloomberg Law includes various educational resources to help users get started and make the most of the Litigation Analytics tool. These resources include video tutorials that demonstrate how to use the different features of the platform, such as searching for law firms representing a company, analyzing judge rulings, and reviewing attorney representation data.Practical Guidance and Tools
The platform is integrated with several practical guidance tools and resources, including:Brief Analyzer
This tool allows users to upload a brief and receive an analysis of the cited sources, statements of undisputed facts, legal arguments, and the conclusion, saving time and summarizing key points.Points of Law
This feature provides comprehensive legal sources to help answer legal questions quickly and accurately.Litigation Practical Guidance
This section offers guides, news, verdicts, and other resources to assist trial lawyers in their research and writing processes.AI-Powered Features
Bloomberg Law has recently introduced two AI-powered features:Bloomberg Law Answers
This tool provides quick, precise answers to legal questions by drawing from a comprehensive range of legal sources.Bloomberg Law AI Assistant
This chat-based research tool helps users generate summaries of legal documents and ask targeted questions to identify specific information. Both features are available within the Bloomberg Law platform at no additional charge.Analytics and Data Visualization
The Litigation Analytics tool itself offers extensive data analytics capabilities, allowing users to search and analyze data by company, law firm, judge, or attorney. This includes detailed information such as law firm representation, attorney appearances, case types, jurisdictional breakdowns, and litigation history. The platform also enables users to compare judges, law firms, and attorneys, and to visualize legal trends using various filters and tools. These resources and support options are designed to make the Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics platform user-friendly and highly effective for legal professionals. Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Pros and Cons
Advantages of Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics
Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics offers several significant advantages for legal professionals:Efficiency and Time Savings
Comprehensive Data Insights
Comparative Analytics
AI-Powered Search
Document Analysis
Access to Extensive Databases
Disadvantages of Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics
While Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics offers many benefits, there are some potential drawbacks to consider:Limited Scope
Need for Human Oversight
Access Restrictions
Ethical and Privacy Concerns
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Comparison with Competitors
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics
- This tool offers comprehensive analytics across companies, law firms, judges, and attorneys. It provides detailed insights into motion outcomes, appeal outcomes, case types, and jurisdictional breakdowns.
- Users can analyze judge rulings, including motion and appeal outcomes, and see the judges’ most cited opinions and their affirmation or reversal rates on appeal.
- It also allows for the examination of law firms’ and attorneys’ federal litigation portfolios, including the companies they represent and the types of cases they handle.
- The platform is built on Bloomberg Law’s vast docket database and extensive company information, enabling users to filter data by date, company, case type, and jurisdiction.
Unique Features
- Comprehensive Coverage: Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics covers over 7,000 law firms and includes data on more than 70,000 public companies and 3.5 million private companies.
- Detailed Jurisdictional and Case Type Analysis: Users can break down data by jurisdiction and case type, providing a granular view of legal trends and patterns.
Potential Alternatives
Lex Machina
- Lex Machina is another legal analytics platform that transforms court documents into actionable insights. It helps in understanding opposing counsel’s strategies and judges’ typical rulings, allowing for data-driven decisions.
- Opposing Counsel Strategies: Lex Machina provides insights into the strategies of opposing counsel, which can be particularly useful in preparing for litigation.
- Judge Ruling Patterns: Similar to Bloomberg Law, Lex Machina analyzes judges’ ruling patterns, but it may offer different visualization tools and analytics.
Lexis AI (LexisNexis)
- Lexis AI combines LexisNexis’s vast legal database with advanced AI functionality. It features tools like Brief Analysis and Judicial Analytics, which review legal documents, identify missing precedents, and provide insights into judges’ ruling patterns.
- Brief Analysis Tool: This tool reviews legal documents in minutes, identifies missing precedents, and suggests additional relevant cases, which is not explicitly mentioned in Bloomberg Law’s features.
- AI-Powered Document Drafting: Lexis AI includes an AI-powered document drafting assistant, which helps in generating legal documents while ensuring compliance with jurisdiction-specific requirements.
NexLaw
- NexLaw offers an AI Trial Copilot that assists attorneys during trials by quickly pulling up relevant case law, providing guidance on procedures, and suggesting possible objections. It also analyzes past case data and jurisdiction patterns to estimate likely outcomes.
- Real-Time Trial Assistance: NexLaw’s AI Trial Copilot provides real-time assistance during trials, which is a unique feature not highlighted in Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics.
- Document Organization and Analysis: NexLaw includes tools for organizing case materials and identifying missing evidence, which can be beneficial for trial preparation.
Everlaw
- Everlaw is an e-discovery platform that uses AI to streamline the discovery process. It automatically summarizes findings, suggests citations, and answers open-ended questions within documents.
- E-Discovery Focus: Everlaw is specifically designed for e-discovery, offering predictive coding and visual search tools that are not the primary focus of Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics.
- Collaborative Review: Everlaw enables a more accurate and collaborative review process, which can be advantageous for large legal teams.
Each of these tools has its own strengths and can serve as alternatives or complements to Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics, depending on the specific needs of the user. For example, if you need more focused e-discovery capabilities, Everlaw might be a better choice. If you require real-time trial assistance, NexLaw could be more suitable. However, for comprehensive litigation analytics across various entities, Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics remains a powerful option.
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Frequently Asked Questions
What is Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics?
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics is a tool that provides comprehensive data and insights on federal litigation, including information on companies, law firms, attorneys, judges, and courts. It helps users analyze and visualize legal trends, predict outcomes, and make informed strategic decisions.
What types of data can I access using Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics?
You can access a wide range of data, including:
- Which law firms and attorneys are representing a given company in federal litigation.
- The types of cases a company, law firm, or attorney has been involved in.
- Jurisdictional breakdowns of federal litigation for companies and law firms.
- The litigation history of companies, law firms, and attorneys.
- Judge analytics, such as motion outcomes, appeal outcomes, and case types handled by a judge.
How can I use Litigation Analytics to research judges?
You can use Litigation Analytics to analyze judge rulings by:
- Motion outcomes and appeal outcomes.
- The length of cases and the types of cases they handle.
- The frequency of affirmations or reversals on appeal.
- The attorneys, companies, or legal topics the judge sees most often.
- Accessing a clickable list of relevant court opinions and dockets for matters before that judge.
Can I use Litigation Analytics to analyze opposing lawyers?
Yes, you can research opposing lawyers by:
- Identifying the companies and law firms they frequently represent.
- Viewing the types of federal cases they have been involved in and where these cases are litigated.
- Seeing the number of federal cases the lawyer has handled over time.
- Accessing a clickable list of relevant federal dockets involving the law firm or lawyer.
How does Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics help with company research?
You can research companies by:
- Viewing the number of federal cases the company has been involved in, including specifics on jurisdiction, nature of suit, and the law firms and attorneys that have represented the company.
- Accessing a clickable list of federal dockets involving the company.
- Reviewing general company information, hierarchy, and news.
What AI-powered tools are integrated with Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics?
Bloomberg Law includes several AI-powered tools, such as:
- Brief Analyzer: Automatically identifies and evaluates cited legal authorities and delivers a detailed brief analysis.
- Points of Law: Quickly takes you to the leading case for a particular point of law.
- Smart Code: Delivers the leading cases interpreting specific provisions of state and federal codes, rules, and regulations.
- Docket Key: Provides faster access to briefs, pleadings, motions, and more through a proprietary classification system.
How do I access Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics?
To access Litigation Analytics, you need a subscription to Bloomberg Law. You can find the tool by selecting ‘Litigation’ from the top navigation menu on the Bloomberg Law homepage and then selecting ‘Litigation Analytics’.
Are there any new AI-powered features available in Bloomberg Law?
Yes, Bloomberg Law has recently introduced new AI-powered features such as Bloomberg Law Answers and Bloomberg Law AI Assistant. These tools allow users to get quick answers to legal questions and generate summaries of legal documents, respectively.
What kind of support and resources are available for using Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics?
Bloomberg Law offers various resources, including video tutorials, practical guidance, and the Litigation Intelligence Center, which provides step-by-step guidance on procedural tasks and access to litigation content and tools. You can also schedule a demo for more detailed information.
Is Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics available at a separate cost?
No, Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics is included with a Bloomberg Law subscription, and there are no additional costs for accessing these tools.
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics - Conclusion and Recommendation
Final Assessment of Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics is a powerful tool in the legal AI-driven product category, offering a comprehensive suite of analytics to inform litigation strategies, predict outcomes, and develop business opportunities. Here’s a detailed assessment of its benefits and who would most benefit from using it.Key Features and Benefits
Comprehensive Analytics
The tool includes five main tabs – Company, Law Firm, Court, Judge, and Attorney – providing detailed insights into each of these entities. For instance, the Company Analytics covers over 70,000 public and 3.5 million private companies involved in federal litigation since 2007, offering company profiles, hierarchy, and latest news.
Predictive Insights
Using machine learning across multiple data points from dockets and case law, Litigation Analytics helps predict possible outcomes and develop informed litigation strategies.
Efficiency and Time-Saving
The tool integrates with Bloomberg Law’s extensive databases, including dockets, case law, and business information, allowing users to visualize trends and analyze large amounts of data quickly.
Enhanced Client Advisory
It enables lawyers to better advise clients by providing detailed analytics on law firm representation, judge and court statistics, and attorney performance.
Who Would Benefit Most
Litigation Attorneys
Those involved in federal litigation will find this tool invaluable for gaining insights into their adversaries, understanding case trends, and predicting outcomes.
Law Firms
Firms can use Litigation Analytics to analyze their own performance, identify areas for improvement, and develop more effective litigation strategies.
In-House Counsel
Corporate legal teams can leverage this tool to make informed decisions about legal matters, assess potential risks, and optimize their legal strategies.
Legal Researchers
Researchers can benefit from the tool’s ability to speed up case law research, analyze briefs, and interpret state and federal codes efficiently.
Overall Recommendation
Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics is highly recommended for anyone involved in litigation or legal research. Its ability to provide comprehensive and actionable insights makes it an indispensable resource for informing litigation strategies, predicting outcomes, and advising clients effectively. The integration with Bloomberg Law’s extensive databases and the use of AI-driven analytics ensure that users can work smarter and faster, saving time and enhancing the quality of their legal work.
In summary, Bloomberg Law Litigation Analytics is a valuable tool that can significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of legal professionals, making it a worthwhile investment for law firms, in-house counsel, and litigation attorneys.