KantanMT - Detailed Review
Translation Tools
KantanMT - Product Overview
Introduction to KantanMT
KantanMT is a cloud-based statistical machine translation platform that plays a crucial role in the translation tools AI-driven product category. Here’s a breakdown of its primary function, target audience, and key features:Primary Function
KantanMT is designed to accelerate translation delivery and improve communication effectiveness. It helps organizations develop better products and smoother localization journeys by providing advanced neural machine translation (NMT) capabilities. This technology enables the creation of custom machine translation engines that can be integrated into various workflows, such as translation management systems, content management systems, and web applications.Target Audience
KantanMT primarily targets Language Service Providers (LSPs) and large organizations with internal language departments. Its clientele includes a diverse range of industries such as gaming, automotive, eCommerce, software development, and more. These companies benefit from KantanMT’s ability to handle high volumes of translation tasks efficiently.Key Features
Custom Machine Translation
KantanMT allows users to develop, measure, refine, and deploy their own private machine translation engines. This is achieved by uploading translation memory files (collections of bilingual data sets) within the dashboard or via the API. This customization ensures that the translations are accurate and relevant to the specific domain or industry.Analytics and Quality Control
The platform includes an advanced analytics suite, such as KantanWatch, Build Analytics, and KantanAnalytics. These tools help track engine quality over time, report on the quality of engine training data, and offer suggestions to improve quality scores. This transparency and control enable project managers and engineers to develop high-quality translation solutions.Integration and Automation
KantanMT integrates seamlessly with various systems, allowing users to automate their localization workflows. The RESTful API enables easy integration with translation management systems, content management systems, and web applications. This automation reduces turnaround times and improves overall efficiency.Multilingual Support
The platform supports over 150 languages, making it a versatile tool for global organizations. It also provides integrated multilingual solutions for ticketing and customer support systems, ensuring that customers receive support in their native language 24/7.Human-Enhanced Machine Translation
KantanStream, a component of KantanMT, uses a global crowd-sourcing model to invite qualified translators to edit and improve machine-translated texts. This human input helps fine-tune the machine translation engines, continuously improving their quality. By combining advanced AI-driven machine translation with customizable engines and robust analytics, KantanMT helps organizations achieve faster, more accurate, and cost-effective translation solutions. KantanMT - User Interface and Experience
User Interface of KantanMT
The user interface of KantanMT, a product of KantanAI, is designed with ease of use and efficiency in mind, making it accessible to a wide range of users.
Ease of Use
KantanMT is described as simple to use and easy to manage. It does not require any technical skills or IT support, and there are no special hardware or software requirements. Users can log in and start building customized machine translation solutions immediately on the KantanMT platform.
User Interface
The platform is cloud-based and hosted on secure servers, ensuring that client content is always stored securely. This cloud accessibility makes it convenient for both individual users and large agencies to operate the system without needing extensive training.
Customization
Users can create customized machine translation engines using translation memories (TMX), terminology files (TBX), and free training data sets. This customization feature allows the platform to be shaped according to the users’ specific needs and purposes.
Key Features
Translate
Users can translate more content in less time using these customized engines. The KantanTotalRecall™ feature is built into every KantanMT engine to improve both performance and accuracy.
Analytics
KantanAnalytics provides segment-level quality estimation technology, allowing users to determine the quality performance of their KantanMT engines. Automated quality measurements such as BLEU, TER, and F-Measure are also available to track translation quality.
Integration
The KantanAPI™ enables users to develop machine translation applications for any device or translation management system using simple HTTP GET and POST requests. This allows for the integration of KantanMT with various CAT (Computer Assisted Translation) environments.
User Experience
The overall user experience is enhanced by the platform’s user-friendly nature. Users appreciate that the system is easy to operate, although training the platform to its highest efficiency can be challenging and requires a good understanding of the technology and quality training data.
Feedback and Improvement
KantanAI values user feedback and continuously works to improve the platform based on user suggestions. For example, users have suggested extending the training data set to cover a greater variety of language pairs and providing a breakdown analysis of how the data is processed to facilitate the training process.
Conclusion
In summary, KantanMT offers a user-friendly interface that is easy to use, customize, and integrate with other systems, making it a valuable tool for those in the translation and localization industry. While it may require some effort to optimize its performance, the platform is generally straightforward and efficient.
KantanMT - Key Features and Functionality
KantanMT Overview
KantanMT is an advanced machine translation software that combines human expertise with AI to enhance translation quality, reduce turnaround times, and improve customer satisfaction. Here are the key features and functionalities of KantanMT:
Customizable MT Engines
KantanMT allows users to create customized machine translation engines using translation memories (TMX), terminology files (TBX), and free training data sets. This customization enables more accurate translations specific to the user’s needs and domain.
Real Time Translation
The software supports real-time translation, enabling quick and efficient translation of content. This feature is particularly useful for businesses that require immediate multilingual content delivery.
API Integration
KantanMT offers API integration, allowing users to easily develop machine translation applications for any device or translation management system. The KantanAPI™ is a powerful web services SDK that facilitates this integration.
Translation Memory and Glossary Management
Users can leverage translation memories and glossaries to customize the translation of specific words and phrases. This ensures consistency and accuracy in translations, especially for domain-specific terminology.
Quality Estimation and Post Editing Tools
KantanMT includes quality estimation tools, such as BLEU, TER, and F-Measure, to track the quality of translations. Additionally, post-editing tools are available to further refine the translations, ensuring high-quality output.
Batch Processing and Automated Workflows
The software supports batch processing, allowing users to translate large volumes of content efficiently. Automated workflows also streamline the translation process, reducing manual intervention and increasing productivity.
User Management and Analytics Dashboard
KantanMT features user management capabilities, enabling administrators to control access and permissions. An analytics dashboard, known as KantanAnalytics, provides segment-level quality estimation, helping users monitor and improve translation performance.
Language Pair Support and File Format Support
The KantanMT API supports 53 languages, with more languages available upon request. It also supports various file formats, making it versatile for different types of content translation.
Security and Compliance
The software ensures security and compliance, which is crucial for businesses handling sensitive data. This includes adherence to privacy policies and secure data handling practices.
Cloud-Based and On-Premise Deployment
KantanMT can be deployed both on the cloud and on-premise, offering flexibility based on the user’s infrastructure and security requirements.
Continuous Learning
The system employs continuous learning techniques, such as online learning, where the model adapts and improves over time based on user feedback. This ensures that the translation quality enhances with usage.
Scalability
KantanMT is scalable, allowing businesses to handle large volumes of translation work without compromising on speed or quality. This scalability is supported by features like batch processing and automated workflows.
Training Data Management
Users can manage and utilize their own training data to fine-tune the machine translation models. This includes using parallel data to improve the accuracy of the translations.
By integrating these features, KantanMT leverages AI through advanced neural machine translation models, statistical models, and continuous learning algorithms. This integration enhances the accuracy, speed, and efficiency of the translation process, making it a valuable tool for global communication and content localization.
KantanMT - Performance and Accuracy
Evaluating the Performance and Accuracy of KantanMT
Evaluating the performance and accuracy of KantanMT, a machine translation (MT) platform, involves several key aspects and metrics.
Quality Metrics and Evaluation
KantanMT uses a variety of metrics to assess the quality of its translations, including:
- BLEU Score: This is a common metric for evaluating the quality of machine translation. However, KantanMT is noted for being more stringent in its quality assessments, often resulting in lower BLEU scores compared to other platforms like Microsoft Translator Hub.
- F-Measure and TER: In addition to BLEU, KantanMT also uses F-Measure and Translation Edit Rate (TER) to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of translation quality.
- Fluency and Adequacy: These metrics are crucial in assessing how well the translations adhere to grammatical rules and convey the original meaning. KantanMT’s evaluations often involve human assessors rating these aspects on a scale, with the Custom Kantan Transformer Neural Network (Kantan TNN) showing significant improvements in both fluency and adequacy.
Performance in Comparative Studies
In a joint study with eBay, KantanMT’s TNN model outperformed other neural models, including Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), as well as generic models from Bing and Google Translate. The Kantan TNN showed a statistically significant improvement in both fluency and adequacy.
Tools and Processes
KantanMT employs the KantanLQR (Language Quality Review) tool, which automates and streamlines the quality review process. This tool helps project managers monitor and track the progress of quality reviews in real-time, providing detailed reports on adequacy, fluency, and error typologies.
Limitations and Areas for Improvement
- Stringent Quality Standards: While KantanMT’s strict quality standards are a strength, they can also result in lower BLEU scores that might not accurately reflect the actual quality improvement compared to other platforms.
- User Interface Complexity: Users have noted that KantanMT’s interface can be complicated, requiring careful reading of detailed instructions to fully utilize its features.
- Comparison to Human Translation: While KantanMT’s models perform well, there is still a gap between machine translation and human-level quality. The eBay study highlighted that while Kantan TNN outperformed other models, it still had some way to go to achieve near-human-level quality.
Conclusion
Overall, KantanMT demonstrates strong performance and accuracy in machine translation, particularly with its customized neural network models. However, it is important for users to be aware of the potential complexity of the interface and the stringent quality standards that may affect the perceived performance metrics.
KantanMT - Pricing and Plans
Pricing Structure Overview
To provide an accurate outline of the pricing structure of KantanMT, we need to rely on available historical and integration-related data, as the current pricing details are not directly accessible from the provided sources.
Historical Pricing Adjustment
In 2017, KantanMT announced a significant restructuring of their pricing plans, which included a reduction of up to 60% in the cost per word (CPW) compared to their existing plans. This change was driven by the reduced costs of hosting their custom machine translation solutions on the cloud and on-premise, which they chose to pass on to their clients.
General Features and Plans
- KantanMT offers a cloud-based Custom Machine Translation platform with extensive customization and accuracy management features.
- The platform supports over 760 language pairs and ensures data confidentiality with both cloud and on-premise deployments.
- Users can opt for self-managed or fully-serviced implementations, and the platform supports any translation volume.
Integration and Access
- To use KantanMT, users typically need to create or connect to a KantanMT account, train or initiate their KantanMT engine pairs for their language preferences, and obtain the KantanMT API key for integration with other tools like Transifex or Wordfast Anywhere.
Current Pricing Details
Unfortunately, the current pricing structure, including specific tiers and features available in each plan, is not detailed in the sources provided. For the most accurate and up-to-date pricing information, it is recommended to contact KantanMT directly or visit their official website.
Free Options
While there is no explicit mention of a free plan for KantanMT itself, it is integrated with tools like Wordfast Anywhere, which offers free access to its translation management tool, including optional machine translation access through KantanMT (though this requires a KantanMT account with API access).
For precise and current pricing details, contacting KantanMT or checking their official website would be the best course of action.
KantanMT - Integration and Compatibility
KantanMT Overview
KantanMT, a cloud-based machine translation platform, offers several integration and compatibility features that make it versatile and useful for various users.
Integrations with Other Tools
KantanMT integrates with a number of translation management systems (TMS) to streamline workflows. Specifically, it has integrations with 12 machine translation management systems, allowing users to manage translations seamlessly within their existing workflows.
One notable integration is with memoQ Server, a translation management system. The KantanStream connector enables seamless integration between KantanStream and memoQ Server, allowing clients to upload documents, launch translation projects, and retrieve translated documents automatically. This integration enhances efficiency, reduces costs, and maximizes the value of translation technology.
Compatibility Across Platforms and Devices
KantanMT is compatible with a variety of platforms, including Android, making it accessible across different devices. This cross-platform compatibility ensures that users can leverage the tool regardless of their preferred operating system or device.
File and Format Support
The platform supports various file formats, which is crucial for integrating with different tools and systems. Users can translate files in multiple formats, and the system also offers batch processing, further enhancing its compatibility and usability.
API Integration
KantanMT provides API integration, allowing developers to incorporate machine translation capabilities into their applications. This feature is essential for businesses that need to automate and customize their translation processes.
Customization and Adaptability
The platform supports customization through glossaries, fine-tuning on parallel data, and adaptive customization. These features ensure that KantanMT can be adapted to fit the specific needs of different users and industries, making it highly compatible with various workflows and requirements.
Conclusion
In summary, KantanMT’s integration capabilities with TMS, compatibility across different platforms and devices, and support for various file formats and APIs make it a highly adaptable and useful tool for translation and localization needs.
KantanMT - Customer Support and Resources
Customer Support Options and Resources
KantanMT offers several customer support options and additional resources, particularly in the context of their AI-driven translation tools, to ensure efficient and effective communication with customers.Automated Translation and Support Integration
KantanMT integrates seamlessly into various customer service platforms, enabling real-time language assistance. For instance, KantanStream, a part of KantanMT, allows customer support agents to understand and respond to global service requests in the customer’s native language. This integration removes language barriers, ensuring smoother and more efficient customer interactions across different languages.Self-Service and Multilingual Support
KantanMT facilitates the creation of self-service platforms, such as FAQs and automated responses, which can be translated into multiple languages. This helps customers find answers to their questions quickly and in their native language, reducing the need for direct support interactions. Additionally, tools like KantanStream translate tickets, chat, and FAQs to offer consistent multilingual support across all channels.Email Automations and Standardized Responses
To streamline customer support, KantanMT suggests using email automations and standardized responses. This can include automated email series before and after customer service engagements, as well as standard response emails that save time for support teams when dealing with common requests or complaints.AI-Driven Routing and Urgency
KantanMT leverages AI to automate the routing of customer requests to the appropriate teams based on criteria such as country, page URL, product type, or customer profile. This ensures that customer inquiries are handled efficiently and by the most relevant support agents.Customized Machine Translation Engines
Users can create customized Machine Translation (MT) engines using translation memories, terminology files, and free training data sets. This allows for more accurate and consistent translations specific to the organization’s content and domain expertise.Analytics and Quality Measurement
KantanMT provides integrated analytics to measure the quality performance of the MT engines. Tools like KantanAnalytics offer segment-level quality estimation, and automated measurements such as BLEU, TER, and F-Measure help track translation quality.Community and Expert Support
KantanMT is supported by a community of localization engineers, industry experts, and project managers. This community helps in building and managing MT engines, ensuring that users have access to expert knowledge and support when needed.Conclusion
By combining these features, KantanMT ensures that customer support teams can communicate effectively with customers in multiple languages, enhancing customer satisfaction and operational efficiency. KantanMT - Pros and Cons
Advantages of KantanMT
Ease of Use and Accessibility
KantanMT is designed to be user-friendly, requiring no special technical skills or IT support. Users can log in and build customized machine translation solutions immediately, making it accessible even for those without technical expertise.Customization
KantanMT allows users to create customized machine translation engines using translation memories (TMX), terminology files (TBX), and free training data sets. This customization helps in improving the accuracy and performance of the translations.Speed and Efficiency
The platform enables faster deployment of multilingual content, reducing the time it takes to translate materials by up to 50%. Traditional MT deployments that could take months can be completed within hours using KantanMT.Advanced Analytics and Quality Measurement
KantanMT offers various metrics to evaluate translation quality, including BLEU, TER, and F-Measure scores. It also provides segment-level quality estimation through KantanAnalytics, giving a detailed view of each segment’s quality.Integration and Automation
The KantanMT API allows for the automation of content translation, enabling users to translate segments individually and in real-time. It supports integration with various platforms and CAT environments, making it versatile for different user needs.Post-Editing and Review Tools
KantanMT includes post-editing tools and allows reviewers to evaluate machine translations online based on customized KPI indexes. This ensures that the translations meet specific project requirements.Scalability and Support
The platform is cloud-based and supports on-premise deployment, making it scalable for different types of businesses, from startups to enterprises. It also offers phone support and supports multiple domains and file formats.Disadvantages of KantanMT
Lower Translation Quality Compared to Some Competitors
In comparisons, KantanMT has shown lower BLEU scores (21) compared to other tools like Microsoft Translator Hub (44.03), indicating potential issues with fluency and accuracy. KantanMT’s translations may contain more critical errors, such as untranslated segments, mistranslations, and grammatical errors.Limited File Format Support
KantanMT does not accept certain file types, such as TMX, PDF, and other document types, for tuning or testing data, except for Excel files and aligned UTF8 encoded text files. This can be inconvenient for users who have already aligned their files in other formats.Confusing Data Management
The platform lacks separate “Tuning” and “Testing” tabs, which can cause confusion as all data files must be uploaded under the “Training” tab.Dependency on Conversion Tools
Users may need to use additional tools like Olifant to convert files into compatible formats, which can result in poorly formatted or unreadable content. By considering these points, users can make an informed decision about whether KantanMT meets their specific needs and expectations for machine translation. KantanMT - Comparison with Competitors
Unique Features of KantanMT
- Customization and Precision: KantanMT allows users to create customized Machine Translation engines using translation memories (TMX), terminology files (TBX), and free training data sets. This customization enhances the accuracy and performance of the translations.
- Speed and Deployment: KantanMT can deploy translation solutions within hours, significantly faster than traditional MT deployments which can take months. It also enables users to translate more content in less time.
- Analytics and Quality Measurement: KantanMT includes KantanAnalytics, a segment-level quality estimation technology, and automated quality measurements such as BLEU, TER, and F-Measure to track translation quality.
- Integration Capabilities: KantanMT offers the KantanAPI™, a powerful web services SDK, allowing easy integration with various devices and translation management systems. This API supports real-time translation and can automate content translation processes.
Comparison with Other Tools
Google Translate
- Language Support: Google Translate supports over 130 languages, one of the broadest selections available, but it lacks the customization and integration capabilities of KantanMT. Google Translate is free for general use but lacks specialized business features and may overlook cultural nuances.
- Speed and Ease of Use: Google Translate is known for its fast translations and ease of use, but it requires manual copying and pasting of text and lacks integrations with other software.
DeepL
- Accuracy and Tone: DeepL is known for its high accuracy and ability to switch between formal and informal tones. However, it supports only 30 languages, which is significantly fewer than KantanMT’s support for over 150 languages. DeepL also has limited integration options.
- Cost and Formatting: DeepL is cost-effective and maintains the original document’s layout, but its limited language support and integration constraints make it less versatile than KantanMT.
Taia Translations
- AI-Assisted and Human-Perfected: Taia combines AI-assisted translations with human editing, offering a high level of accuracy. However, it has slower turnaround times (minimum of two business days) and lacks integrations with CMS or repositories. Taia supports 97 languages but scored lower in terms of accuracy compared to other tools.
- Cost and Flexibility: Taia offers instant rate estimates and supports various file formats, but its manual process of copying and pasting text and the absence of generative AI capabilities are drawbacks compared to KantanMT.
Smartling
- Hybrid Approach: Smartling combines AI translation with human expertise and offers advanced workflow automation and quality control. While it reduces the translation workload significantly, the initial setup time can be lengthy, and teams may need training to maximize its features. Smartling’s language support and customization options are not as detailed as KantanMT’s.
- Project Automation: Smartling excels in automated project management for complex, multi-language projects, but its pricing is custom and requires a demo, which might not be as straightforward as KantanMT’s deployment process.
Conclusion
KantanMT stands out for its customization capabilities, fast deployment, and comprehensive analytics. While tools like Google Translate and DeepL offer ease of use and high accuracy, they lack the integration and customization options that KantanMT provides. Taia Translations and Smartling offer unique benefits like human-perfected translations and hybrid approaches, but they have their own set of limitations, particularly in terms of speed and integration. If you need a highly customizable, fast, and integrable translation solution, KantanMT is a strong contender. KantanMT - Frequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions about KantanMT
What is KantanMT and what services does it offer?
KantanMT is a leading provider of cloud-based Custom Machine Translation solutions. It offers advanced neural machine translation, statistical machine translation, and various tools to help organizations translate content efficiently and accurately. KantanMT supports over 760 language pairs and provides features like data confidentiality, self-managed or fully-serviced implementations, and integration with most Computer Aided Translation (CAT) tools and web applications.
How has KantanMT’s pricing structure changed?
In 2017, KantanMT significantly restructured its pricing plans, reducing the cost per word by up to 60% compared to the existing plans. This change was driven by the reduction in the cost of hosting their custom MT solution on the cloud and on-premise, which they chose to pass on to their clients to make the service more accessible.
What types of neural networks does KantanMT use for machine translation?
KantanMT utilizes several types of neural networks for machine translation, including Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and Transformer Neural Networks (TNNs). The Transformer Neural Networks have been shown to perform the best in terms of fluency and adequacy, outperforming RNNs and CNNs in various experiments.
How does KantanMT’s Transformer Neural Network (TNN) compare to other models?
The Custom Kantan Transformer Neural Network (Kantan TNN) has been found to outperform RNNs and CNNs in terms of fluency and adequacy. In a joint study with eBay, Kantan TNN showed a 9 percentage point improvement in fluency and an 11 percentage point improvement in adequacy compared to RNNs. It also performed better than generic models from Bing and Google Translate.
What additional features and technologies does KantanMT offer?
KantanMT provides several advanced features, including BuildAnalytics™ for data analysis and visualization, KantanAnalytics™ for SMT project management, PEX automatic post-editing, GENTRY parsing technology, Instant Segment Re-training (ISR), and Named Entity Recognition. These technologies help in improving the performance of SMT engines and simplifying project management.
How does KantanMT integrate with other tools and applications?
KantanMT seamlessly integrates with most Computer Aided Translation (CAT) tools and web applications, offering users instant access to on-demand machine translation. This integration helps in increasing productivity, with users reporting an average increase in productivity of 60% after introducing Kantan Machine Translation into their workflows.
What sectors and industries does KantanMT support?
KantanMT supports a variety of sectors, including the gaming industry, eCommerce, software development, automotive, and more. It helps these industries by providing high-quality, scalable, and precise custom machine translation solutions, enabling them to reach global markets more efficiently.
How does KantanMT ensure data confidentiality?
KantanMT ensures data confidentiality by offering both cloud and on-premise deployment options. This allows clients to choose the deployment method that best suits their security and privacy needs.
What kind of support does KantanMT offer for customer and player support systems?
KantanMT provides integrated multilingual solutions for ticketing and customer support systems, supporting over 150 languages. It automates tasks to help agents fully support the customer experience 24/7.
Where can I find more information or contact KantanMT?
For more information, you can visit the KantanMT website at www.kantanmt.com or contact them via email at info@kantanmt.com. They are also reachable by phone at 353 1 700 7874 and are located at INVENT, DCU campus, Dublin 9, Ireland.
KantanMT - Conclusion and Recommendation
Final Assessment of KantanMT
KantanMT is a sophisticated machine translation platform that combines advanced AI technologies with human expertise to deliver high-quality, efficient, and cost-effective translation solutions. Here’s a detailed look at its benefits and who would most benefit from using it.Key Features and Benefits
Customizable MT Engines
Users can create customized machine translation engines using translation memories, terminology files, and free training data sets, ensuring translations are accurate and brand-consistent.
Real-Time Translation
KantanMT offers real-time translation capabilities, which is crucial for businesses that need immediate multilingual content delivery.
API Integration and Automation
The platform supports API integration, allowing easy development of machine translation applications for various devices and translation management systems. Automated workflows and batch processing further enhance productivity.
Quality and Accuracy
KantanMT uses advanced neural machine translation models, such as Transformer Neural Networks (TNNs), which have been shown to outperform other models in terms of fluency and adequacy.
Cost-Effective
KantanMT has significantly reduced its pricing per word, making it more accessible to a wider range of clients. This reduction, up to 60%, is a result of lower infrastructure costs being passed on to the clients.
Security and Compliance
The platform offers both cloud-based and on-premise deployment options, ensuring data confidentiality and compliance with various security standards.
Who Would Benefit Most
KantanMT is particularly beneficial for several types of organizations:Global Enterprises
Companies operating in multiple languages and regions can leverage KantanMT to accelerate their multilingual content delivery, ensuring consistency and accuracy across different markets.
Startups and SMBs
Smaller businesses looking to expand their global reach can benefit from the cost-effective and scalable nature of KantanMT. The platform’s ease of use and lack of special hardware or software requirements make it accessible even to those with limited IT resources.
Content-Centric Businesses
Organizations that rely heavily on content, such as marketing firms, e-commerce sites, and customer support services, can use KantanMT to translate large volumes of content quickly and accurately.
Overall Recommendation
KantanMT is a highly recommended tool for any business needing high-quality, efficient, and cost-effective machine translation solutions. Its advanced features, such as customizable MT engines, real-time translation, and automated workflows, make it an excellent choice for organizations looking to enhance their global communication.The platform’s ability to support over 760 language pairs, its strong focus on security and compliance, and its user-friendly interface make it a versatile and reliable option. Additionally, the significant reduction in pricing per word makes it an attractive choice for businesses of all sizes.
In summary, KantanMT is an excellent tool for any organization seeking to improve their translation processes, reduce costs, and enhance customer satisfaction through accurate and timely multilingual content delivery.